fix: avoid encountering 'std::set undefined' in some environments

---------

Co-authored-by: leejet <leejet714@gmail.com>

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+BasedOnStyle: Chromium
+UseTab: Never
+IndentWidth: 4
+TabWidth: 4
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+ColumnLimit: 0
+AccessModifierOffset: -4
+NamespaceIndentation: All
+FixNamespaceComments: false
+AlignAfterOpenBracket: true
+AlignConsecutiveAssignments: true
+IndentCaseLabels: true

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
 build*/
 test/
-
+.vscode/
 .cache/
 *.swp
+.vscode/
+*.bat
+*.bin
+*.exe
+*.gguf
+output*.png
+models*
+!taesd-model.gguf
+*.log

.gitmodules

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 [submodule "ggml"]
-	path = ggml
+    path = ggml
 	url = https://github.com/leejet/ggml.git

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -24,17 +24,56 @@ endif()
 # general
 #option(SD_BUILD_TESTS                "sd: build tests"    ${SD_STANDALONE})
 option(SD_BUILD_EXAMPLES             "sd: build examples" ${SD_STANDALONE})
+option(SD_CUBLAS                     "sd: cuda backend" OFF)
+option(SD_METAL                      "sd: metal backend" OFF)
+option(SD_FLASH_ATTN                 "sd: use flash attention for x4 less memory usage" OFF)
+option(SD_FAST_SOFTMAX               "sd: x1.5 faster softmax, indeterministic (sometimes, same seed don't generate same image), cuda only" OFF)
+option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS             "sd: build shared libs" OFF)
 #option(SD_BUILD_SERVER               "sd: build server example"                           ON)
 
+if(SD_CUBLAS)
+	message("Use CUBLAS as backend stable-diffusion")
+    set(GGML_CUBLAS ON)
+    add_definitions(-DSD_USE_CUBLAS)
+    if(SD_FAST_SOFTMAX)
+        set(GGML_CUDA_FAST_SOFTMAX ON)
+    endif()
+endif()
 
-# deps
-add_subdirectory(ggml)
+if(SD_METAL)
+	message("Use Metal as backend stable-diffusion")
+    set(GGML_METAL ON)
+    add_definitions(-DSD_USE_METAL)
+endif()
+
+if(SD_FLASH_ATTN)
+    message("Use Flash Attention for memory optimization")
+    add_definitions(-DSD_USE_FLASH_ATTENTION)
+endif()
 
 set(SD_LIB stable-diffusion)
 
-add_library(${SD_LIB} stable-diffusion.h stable-diffusion.cpp)
-target_link_libraries(${SD_LIB} PUBLIC ggml)
-target_include_directories(${SD_LIB} PUBLIC .)
+add_library(${SD_LIB} stable-diffusion.h stable-diffusion.cpp model.h model.cpp util.h util.cpp upscaler.cpp
+             ggml_extend.hpp clip.hpp common.hpp unet.hpp tae.hpp esrgan.hpp lora.hpp denoiser.hpp rng.hpp rng_philox.hpp)
+
+if(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+    message("Build shared library")
+    add_definitions(-DSD_BUILD_SHARED_LIB)
+    target_compile_definitions(${SD_LIB} PRIVATE -DSD_BUILD_DLL)
+    set(CMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+else()
+    message("Build static library")
+endif()
+
+
+set(CMAKE_POLICY_DEFAULT_CMP0077 NEW)
+# deps
+add_subdirectory(ggml)
+
+add_subdirectory(thirdparty)
+
+target_link_libraries(${SD_LIB} PUBLIC ggml zip)
+target_include_directories(${SD_LIB} PUBLIC . thirdparty)
 target_compile_features(${SD_LIB} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
 
 

README.md

@@ -9,15 +9,28 @@ Inference of [Stable Diffusion](https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion) in
 ## Features
 
 - Plain C/C++ implementation based on [ggml](https://github.com/ggerganov/ggml), working in the same way as [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp)
+- Super lightweight and without external dependencies
+- SD1.x, SD2.x and SDXL support
+    - !!!The VAE in SDXL encounters NaN issues under FP16, but unfortunately, the ggml_conv_2d only operates under FP16. Hence, a parameter is needed to specify the VAE that has fixed the FP16 NaN issue. You can find it here: [SDXL VAE FP16 Fix](https://huggingface.co/madebyollin/sdxl-vae-fp16-fix/blob/main/sdxl_vae.safetensors).
+
+- [SD-Turbo](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/sd-turbo) and [SDXL-Turbo](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/sdxl-turbo) support
 - 16-bit, 32-bit float support
 - 4-bit, 5-bit and 8-bit integer quantization support
 - Accelerated memory-efficient CPU inference
-    - Only requires ~2.3GB when using txt2img with fp16 precision to generate a 512x512 image
+    - Only requires ~2.3GB when using txt2img with fp16 precision to generate a 512x512 image, enabling Flash Attention just requires ~1.8GB.
 - AVX, AVX2 and AVX512 support for x86 architectures
-- SD1.x and SD2.x support
+- Full CUDA and Metal backend for GPU acceleration.
+- Can load ckpt, safetensors and diffusers models/checkpoints. Standalone VAEs models
+    - No need to convert to `.ggml` or `.gguf` anymore!
+- Flash Attention for memory usage optimization (only cpu for now)
 - Original `txt2img` and `img2img` mode
 - Negative prompt
 - [stable-diffusion-webui](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui) style tokenizer (not all the features, only token weighting for now)
+- LoRA support, same as [stable-diffusion-webui](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/wiki/Features#lora)
+- Latent Consistency Models support (LCM/LCM-LoRA)
+- Faster and memory efficient latent decoding with [TAESD](https://github.com/madebyollin/taesd)
+- Upscale images generated with [ESRGAN](https://github.com/xinntao/Real-ESRGAN)
+- VAE tiling processing for reduce memory usage
 - Sampling method
     - `Euler A`
     - `Euler`
@@ -26,6 +39,7 @@ Inference of [Stable Diffusion](https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion) in
     - `DPM++ 2M`
     - [`DPM++ 2M v2`](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/discussions/8457)
     - `DPM++ 2S a`
+    - [`LCM`](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/issues/13952)
 - Cross-platform reproducibility (`--rng cuda`, consistent with the `stable-diffusion-webui GPU RNG`)
 - Embedds generation parameters into png output as webui-compatible text string
 - Supported platforms
@@ -37,11 +51,12 @@ Inference of [Stable Diffusion](https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion) in
 ### TODO
 
 - [ ] More sampling methods
-- [ ] GPU support
 - [ ] Make inference faster
     - The current implementation of ggml_conv_2d is slow and has high memory usage
+    - Implement Winograd Convolution 2D for 3x3 kernel filtering
 - [ ] Continuing to reduce memory usage (quantizing the weights of ggml_conv_2d)
-- [ ] LoRA support
+- [ ] Implement Textual Inversion (embeddings)
+- [ ] Implement Inpainting support
 - [ ] k-quants support
 
 ## Usage
@@ -62,7 +77,7 @@ git submodule init
 git submodule update
 ```
 
-### Convert weights
+### Download weights
 
 - download original weights(.ckpt or .safetensors). For example
     - Stable Diffusion v1.4 from https://huggingface.co/CompVis/stable-diffusion-v-1-4-original
@@ -72,28 +87,9 @@ git submodule update
     ```shell
     curl -L -O https://huggingface.co/CompVis/stable-diffusion-v-1-4-original/resolve/main/sd-v1-4.ckpt
     # curl -L -O https://huggingface.co/runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5/resolve/main/v1-5-pruned-emaonly.safetensors
-    # curl -L -o https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2-1/blob/main/v2-1_768-nonema-pruned.safetensors
+    # curl -L -O https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2-1/resolve/main/v2-1_768-nonema-pruned.safetensors
     ```
 
-- convert weights to ggml model format
-
-    ```shell
-    cd models
-    pip install -r requirements.txt
-    python convert.py [path to weights] --out_type [output precision]
-    # For example, python convert.py sd-v1-4.ckpt --out_type f16
-    ```
-
-### Quantization
-
-You can specify the output model format using the --out_type parameter
-
-- `f16` for 16-bit floating-point
-- `f32` for 32-bit floating-point
-- `q8_0` for 8-bit integer quantization 
-- `q5_0` or `q5_1` for 5-bit integer quantization 
-- `q4_0` or `q4_1` for 4-bit integer quantization
-
 ### Build
 
 #### Build from scratch
@@ -112,6 +108,33 @@ cmake .. -DGGML_OPENBLAS=ON
 cmake --build . --config Release
 ```
 
+##### Using CUBLAS
+
+This provides BLAS acceleration using the CUDA cores of your Nvidia GPU. Make sure to have the CUDA toolkit installed. You can download it from your Linux distro's package manager (e.g. `apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkit`) or from here: [CUDA Toolkit](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads). Recommended to have at least 4 GB of VRAM.
+
+```
+cmake .. -DSD_CUBLAS=ON
+cmake --build . --config Release
+```
+
+##### Using Metal
+
+Using Metal makes the computation run on the GPU. Currently, there are some issues with Metal when performing operations on very large matrices, making it highly inefficient at the moment. Performance improvements are expected in the near future.
+
+```
+cmake .. -DSD_METAL=ON
+cmake --build . --config Release
+```
+
+### Using Flash Attention
+
+Enabling flash attention reduces memory usage by at least 400 MB. At the moment, it is not supported when CUBLAS is enabled because the kernel implementation is missing.
+
+```
+cmake .. -DSD_FLASH_ATTN=ON
+cmake --build . --config Release
+```
+
 ### Run
 
 ```
@@ -123,8 +146,14 @@ arguments:
   -t, --threads N                    number of threads to use during computation (default: -1).
                                      If threads <= 0, then threads will be set to the number of CPU physical cores
   -m, --model [MODEL]                path to model
+  --vae [VAE]                        path to vae
+  --taesd [TAESD_PATH]               path to taesd. Using Tiny AutoEncoder for fast decoding (low quality)
+  --upscale-model [ESRGAN_PATH]      path to esrgan model. Upscale images after generate, just RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B supported by now.
+  --type [TYPE]                      weight type (f32, f16, q4_0, q4_1, q5_0, q5_1, q8_0)
+                                     If not specified, the default is the type of the weight file.
+  --lora-model-dir [DIR]             lora model directory
   -i, --init-img [IMAGE]             path to the input image, required by img2img
-  -o, --output OUTPUT                path to write result image to (default: .\output.png)
+  -o, --output OUTPUT                path to write result image to (default: ./output.png)
   -p, --prompt [PROMPT]              the prompt to render
   -n, --negative-prompt PROMPT       the negative prompt (default: "")
   --cfg-scale SCALE                  unconditional guidance scale: (default: 7.0)
@@ -132,18 +161,34 @@ arguments:
                                      1.0 corresponds to full destruction of information in init image
   -H, --height H                     image height, in pixel space (default: 512)
   -W, --width W                      image width, in pixel space (default: 512)
-  --sampling-method {euler, euler_a, heun, dpm++2m, dpm++2mv2}
+  --sampling-method {euler, euler_a, heun, dpm2, dpm++2s_a, dpm++2m, dpm++2mv2, lcm}
                                      sampling method (default: "euler_a")
   --steps  STEPS                     number of sample steps (default: 20)
   --rng {std_default, cuda}          RNG (default: cuda)
   -s SEED, --seed SEED               RNG seed (default: 42, use random seed for < 0)
+  -b, --batch-count COUNT            number of images to generate.
+  --schedule {discrete, karras}      Denoiser sigma schedule (default: discrete)
+  --clip-skip N                      number of layers to skip of clip model (default: 0)
+  --vae-tiling                       process vae in tiles to reduce memory usage
   -v, --verbose                      print extra info
 ```
 
+#### Quantization
+
+You can specify the model weight type using the `--type` parameter. The weights are automatically converted when loading the model.
+
+- `f16` for 16-bit floating-point
+- `f32` for 32-bit floating-point
+- `q8_0` for 8-bit integer quantization
+- `q5_0` or `q5_1` for 5-bit integer quantization
+- `q4_0` or `q4_1` for 4-bit integer quantization
+
 #### txt2img example
 
-```
-./bin/sd -m ../models/sd-v1-4-ggml-model-f16.bin -p "a lovely cat"
+```sh
+./bin/sd -m ../models/sd-v1-4.ckpt -p "a lovely cat"
+# ./bin/sd -m ../models/v1-5-pruned-emaonly.safetensors -p "a lovely cat"
+# ./bin/sd -m ../models/sd_xl_base_1.0.safetensors --vae ../models/sdxl_vae-fp16-fix.safetensors -H 1024 -W 1024 -p "a lovely cat" -v
 ```
 
 Using formats of different precisions will yield results of varying quality.
@@ -158,13 +203,71 @@ Using formats of different precisions will yield results of varying quality.
 
 
 ```
-./bin/sd --mode img2img -m ../models/sd-v1-4-ggml-model-f16.bin -p "cat with blue eyes" -i ./output.png -o ./img2img_output.png --strength 0.4
+./bin/sd --mode img2img -m ../models/sd-v1-4.ckpt -p "cat with blue eyes" -i ./output.png -o ./img2img_output.png --strength 0.4
 ```
 
 <p align="center">
   <img src="./assets/img2img_output.png" width="256x">
 </p>
 
+#### with LoRA
+
+- You can specify the directory where the lora weights are stored via `--lora-model-dir`. If not specified, the default is the current working directory.
+
+- LoRA is specified via prompt, just like [stable-diffusion-webui](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/wiki/Features#lora).
+
+Here's a simple example:
+
+```
+./bin/sd -m ../models/v1-5-pruned-emaonly.safetensors -p "a lovely cat<lora:marblesh:1>" --lora-model-dir ../models
+```
+
+`../models/marblesh.safetensors` or `../models/marblesh.ckpt` will be applied to the model
+
+#### LCM/LCM-LoRA
+
+- Download LCM-LoRA form https://huggingface.co/latent-consistency/lcm-lora-sdv1-5
+- Specify LCM-LoRA by adding `<lora:lcm-lora-sdv1-5:1>` to prompt
+- It's advisable to set `--cfg-scale` to `1.0` instead of the default `7.0`. For `--steps`, a range of `2-8` steps is recommended. For `--sampling-method`, `lcm`/`euler_a` is recommended.
+
+Here's a simple example:
+
+```
+./bin/sd -m ../models/v1-5-pruned-emaonly.safetensors -p "a lovely cat<lora:lcm-lora-sdv1-5:1>" --steps 4 --lora-model-dir ../models -v --cfg-scale 1
+```
+
+| without LCM-LoRA (--cfg-scale 7)  | with LCM-LoRA (--cfg-scale 1)  |
+| ----  |----    |
+| ![](./assets/without_lcm.png) |![](./assets/with_lcm.png)  |
+
+## Using TAESD to faster decoding
+
+You can use TAESD to accelerate the decoding of latent images by following these steps:
+
+- Download the model [weights](https://huggingface.co/madebyollin/taesd/blob/main/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors).
+
+Or curl
+
+```bash
+curl -L -O https://huggingface.co/madebyollin/taesd/blob/main/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors
+```
+
+- Specify the model path using the `--taesd PATH` parameter. example:
+
+```bash
+sd -m ../models/v1-5-pruned-emaonly.safetensors -p "a lovely cat" --taesd ../models/diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors
+```
+
+## Using ESRGAN to upscale results
+
+You can use ESRGAN to upscale the generated images. At the moment, only the [RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B.pth](https://github.com/xinntao/Real-ESRGAN/releases/download/v0.2.2.4/RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B.pth) model is supported. Support for more models of this architecture will be added soon.
+
+- Specify the model path using the `--upscale-model PATH` parameter. example:
+
+```bash
+sd -m ../models/v1-5-pruned-emaonly.safetensors -p "a lovely cat" --upscale-model ../models/RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B.pth
+```
+
 ### Docker
 
 #### Building using Docker
@@ -178,16 +281,21 @@ docker build -t sd .
 ```shell
 docker run -v /path/to/models:/models -v /path/to/output/:/output sd [args...]
 # For example
-# docker run -v ./models:/models -v ./build:/output sd -m /models/sd-v1-4-ggml-model-f16.bin -p "a lovely cat" -v -o /output/output.png
+# docker run -v ./models:/models -v ./build:/output sd -m /models/sd-v1-4.ckpt -p "a lovely cat" -v -o /output/output.png
 ```
 
-## Memory/Disk Requirements
+## Memory Requirements
 
 | precision | f32  | f16  |q8_0  |q5_0  |q5_1  |q4_0  |q4_1  |
 | ----         | ----  |----  |----  |----  |----  |----  |----  |
-|  **Disk**        | 2.7G | 2.0G | 1.7G | 1.6G | 1.6G | 1.5G | 1.5G |
-|  **Memory**(txt2img - 512 x 512) | ~2.8G | ~2.3G | ~2.1G | ~2.0G | ~2.0G | ~2.0G | ~2.0G |
+|  **Memory** (txt2img - 512 x 512) | ~2.8G | ~2.3G | ~2.1G | ~2.0G | ~2.0G | ~2.0G | ~2.0G |
+|  **Memory** (txt2img - 512 x 512) *with Flash Attention* | ~2.4G | ~1.9G | ~1.6G | ~1.5G | ~1.5G | ~1.5G | ~1.5G |
 
+## Contributors
+
+Thank you to all the people who have already contributed to stable-diffusion.cpp!
+
+[![Contributors](https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp)](https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp/graphs/contributors)
 
 ## References
 
@@ -196,3 +304,5 @@ docker run -v /path/to/models:/models -v /path/to/output/:/output sd [args...]
 - [stable-diffusion-stability-ai](https://github.com/Stability-AI/stablediffusion)
 - [stable-diffusion-webui](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui)
 - [k-diffusion](https://github.com/crowsonkb/k-diffusion)
+- [latent-consistency-model](https://github.com/luosiallen/latent-consistency-model)
+- [generative-models](https://github.com/Stability-AI/generative-models/)

clip.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+#ifndef __CLIP_HPP__
+#define __CLIP_HPP__
+
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+
+/*================================================== CLIPTokenizer ===================================================*/
+
+std::pair<std::unordered_map<std::string, float>, std::string> extract_and_remove_lora(std::string text) {
+    std::regex re("<lora:([^:]+):([^>]+)>");
+    std::smatch matches;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, float> filename2multiplier;
+
+    while (std::regex_search(text, matches, re)) {
+        std::string filename = matches[1].str();
+        float multiplier     = std::stof(matches[2].str());
+
+        text = std::regex_replace(text, re, "", std::regex_constants::format_first_only);
+
+        if (multiplier == 0.f) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (filename2multiplier.find(filename) == filename2multiplier.end()) {
+            filename2multiplier[filename] = multiplier;
+        } else {
+            filename2multiplier[filename] += multiplier;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return std::make_pair(filename2multiplier, text);
+}
+
+const std::string UNK_TOKEN = "<|endoftext|>";
+const std::string BOS_TOKEN = "<|startoftext|>";
+const std::string EOS_TOKEN = "<|endoftext|>";
+const std::string PAD_TOEKN = "<|endoftext|>";
+
+const int UNK_TOKEN_ID = 49407;
+const int BOS_TOKEN_ID = 49406;
+const int EOS_TOKEN_ID = 49407;
+const int PAD_TOKEN_ID = 49407;
+
+std::vector<std::pair<int, std::u32string>> bytes_to_unicode() {
+    std::vector<std::pair<int, std::u32string>> byte_unicode_pairs;
+    std::set<int> byte_set;
+    for (int b = static_cast<int>('!'); b <= static_cast<int>('~'); ++b) {
+        byte_set.insert(b);
+        byte_unicode_pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::u32string>(b, unicode_value_to_utf32(b)));
+    }
+    for (int b = 161; b <= 172; ++b) {
+        byte_set.insert(b);
+        byte_unicode_pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::u32string>(b, unicode_value_to_utf32(b)));
+    }
+    for (int b = 174; b <= 255; ++b) {
+        byte_set.insert(b);
+        byte_unicode_pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::u32string>(b, unicode_value_to_utf32(b)));
+    }
+    int n = 0;
+    for (int b = 0; b < 256; ++b) {
+        if (byte_set.find(b) == byte_set.end()) {
+            byte_unicode_pairs.push_back(std::pair<int, std::u32string>(b, unicode_value_to_utf32(n + 256)));
+            ++n;
+        }
+    }
+    // LOG_DEBUG("byte_unicode_pairs %d", byte_unicode_pairs.size());
+    return byte_unicode_pairs;
+}
+
+// Ref: https://github.com/openai/CLIP/blob/main/clip/simple_tokenizer.py
+class CLIPTokenizer {
+private:
+    SDVersion version = VERSION_1_x;
+    std::map<int, std::u32string> byte_encoder;
+    std::map<std::u32string, int> encoder;
+    std::map<std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>, int> bpe_ranks;
+    std::regex pat;
+
+    static std::string strip(const std::string& str) {
+        std::string::size_type start = str.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\v\f");
+        std::string::size_type end   = str.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\v\f");
+
+        if (start == std::string::npos) {
+            // String contains only whitespace characters
+            return "";
+        }
+
+        return str.substr(start, end - start + 1);
+    }
+
+    static std::string whitespace_clean(std::string text) {
+        text = std::regex_replace(text, std::regex(R"(\s+)"), " ");
+        text = strip(text);
+        return text;
+    }
+
+    static std::set<std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>> get_pairs(const std::vector<std::u32string>& subwords) {
+        std::set<std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>> pairs;
+        if (subwords.size() == 0) {
+            return pairs;
+        }
+        std::u32string prev_subword = subwords[0];
+        for (int i = 1; i < subwords.size(); i++) {
+            std::u32string subword = subwords[i];
+            std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string> pair(prev_subword, subword);
+            pairs.insert(pair);
+            prev_subword = subword;
+        }
+        return pairs;
+    }
+
+public:
+    CLIPTokenizer(SDVersion version = VERSION_1_x)
+        : version(version) {}
+
+    void load_from_merges(const std::string& merges_utf8_str) {
+        auto byte_unicode_pairs = bytes_to_unicode();
+        byte_encoder            = std::map<int, std::u32string>(byte_unicode_pairs.begin(), byte_unicode_pairs.end());
+        // for (auto & pair: byte_unicode_pairs) {
+        //     std::cout << pair.first << ": " << pair.second << std::endl;
+        // }
+        std::vector<std::u32string> merges;
+        size_t start = 0;
+        size_t pos;
+        std::u32string merges_utf32_str = utf8_to_utf32(merges_utf8_str);
+        while ((pos = merges_utf32_str.find('\n', start)) != std::string::npos) {
+            merges.push_back(merges_utf32_str.substr(start, pos - start));
+            start = pos + 1;
+        }
+        // LOG_DEBUG("merges size %llu", merges.size());
+        GGML_ASSERT(merges.size() == 48895);
+        merges = std::vector<std::u32string>(merges.begin() + 1, merges.end());
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>> merge_pairs;
+        for (const auto& merge : merges) {
+            size_t space_pos = merge.find(' ');
+            merge_pairs.emplace_back(merge.substr(0, space_pos), merge.substr(space_pos + 1));
+            // LOG_DEBUG("%s", utf32_to_utf8(merge.substr(space_pos + 1)).c_str());
+        }
+        std::vector<std::u32string> vocab;
+        for (const auto& pair : byte_unicode_pairs) {
+            vocab.push_back(pair.second);
+        }
+        for (const auto& pair : byte_unicode_pairs) {
+            vocab.push_back(pair.second + utf8_to_utf32("</w>"));
+        }
+        for (const auto& merge : merge_pairs) {
+            vocab.push_back(merge.first + merge.second);
+        }
+        vocab.push_back(utf8_to_utf32("<|startoftext|>"));
+        vocab.push_back(utf8_to_utf32("<|endoftext|>"));
+        LOG_DEBUG("vocab size: %llu", vocab.size());
+        int i = 0;
+        for (const auto& token : vocab) {
+            encoder[token] = i++;
+        }
+
+        int rank = 0;
+        for (const auto& merge : merge_pairs) {
+            bpe_ranks[merge] = rank++;
+        }
+    };
+
+    std::u32string bpe(const std::u32string& token) {
+        std::vector<std::u32string> word;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < token.size() - 1; i++) {
+            word.emplace_back(1, token[i]);
+        }
+        word.push_back(token.substr(token.size() - 1) + utf8_to_utf32("</w>"));
+
+        std::set<std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>> pairs = get_pairs(word);
+
+        if (pairs.empty()) {
+            return token + utf8_to_utf32("</w>");
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            auto min_pair_iter = std::min_element(pairs.begin(),
+                                                  pairs.end(),
+                                                  [&](const std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>& a,
+                                                      const std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>& b) {
+                                                      if (bpe_ranks.find(a) == bpe_ranks.end()) {
+                                                          return false;
+                                                      } else if (bpe_ranks.find(b) == bpe_ranks.end()) {
+                                                          return true;
+                                                      }
+                                                      return bpe_ranks.at(a) < bpe_ranks.at(b);
+                                                  });
+
+            const std::pair<std::u32string, std::u32string>& bigram = *min_pair_iter;
+
+            if (bpe_ranks.find(bigram) == bpe_ranks.end()) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            std::u32string first  = bigram.first;
+            std::u32string second = bigram.second;
+            std::vector<std::u32string> new_word;
+            int32_t i = 0;
+
+            while (i < word.size()) {
+                auto it = std::find(word.begin() + i, word.end(), first);
+                if (it == word.end()) {
+                    new_word.insert(new_word.end(), word.begin() + i, word.end());
+                    break;
+                }
+                new_word.insert(new_word.end(), word.begin() + i, it);
+                i = static_cast<int32_t>(std::distance(word.begin(), it));
+
+                if (word[i] == first && i < static_cast<int32_t>(word.size()) - 1 && word[i + 1] == second) {
+                    new_word.push_back(first + second);
+                    i += 2;
+                } else {
+                    new_word.push_back(word[i]);
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            word = new_word;
+
+            if (word.size() == 1) {
+                break;
+            }
+            pairs = get_pairs(word);
+        }
+
+        std::u32string result;
+        for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++) {
+            result += word[i];
+            if (i != word.size() - 1) {
+                result += utf8_to_utf32(" ");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<int> tokenize(std::string text, size_t max_length = 0, bool padding = false) {
+        std::vector<int32_t> tokens = encode(text);
+        tokens.insert(tokens.begin(), BOS_TOKEN_ID);
+        if (max_length > 0) {
+            if (tokens.size() > max_length - 1) {
+                tokens.resize(max_length - 1);
+                tokens.push_back(EOS_TOKEN_ID);
+            } else {
+                tokens.push_back(EOS_TOKEN_ID);
+                if (padding) {
+                    int pad_token_id = PAD_TOKEN_ID;
+                    if (version == VERSION_2_x) {
+                        pad_token_id = 0;
+                    }
+                    tokens.insert(tokens.end(), max_length - tokens.size(), pad_token_id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return tokens;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<int> encode(std::string text) {
+        std::string original_text = text;
+        std::vector<int32_t> bpe_tokens;
+        text = whitespace_clean(text);
+        std::transform(text.begin(), text.end(), text.begin(), [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
+
+        std::regex pat(R"(<\|startoftext\|>|<\|endoftext\|>|'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d|[[:alpha:]]+|[[:digit:]]|[^[:space:][:alpha:][:digit:]]+)",
+                       std::regex::icase);
+
+        std::smatch matches;
+        std::string str = text;
+        std::vector<std::string> token_strs;
+        while (std::regex_search(str, matches, pat)) {
+            for (auto& token : matches) {
+                std::string token_str = token.str();
+                std::u32string utf32_token;
+                for (int i = 0; i < token_str.length(); i++) {
+                    char b = token_str[i];
+                    utf32_token += byte_encoder[b];
+                }
+                auto bpe_strs = bpe(utf32_token);
+                size_t start  = 0;
+                size_t pos;
+                while ((pos = bpe_strs.find(' ', start)) != std::u32string::npos) {
+                    auto bpe_str = bpe_strs.substr(start, pos - start);
+                    bpe_tokens.push_back(encoder[bpe_str]);
+                    token_strs.push_back(utf32_to_utf8(bpe_str));
+
+                    start = pos + 1;
+                }
+                auto bpe_str = bpe_strs.substr(start, bpe_strs.size() - start);
+                bpe_tokens.push_back(encoder[bpe_str]);
+                token_strs.push_back(utf32_to_utf8(bpe_str));
+            }
+            str = matches.suffix();
+        }
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "[";
+        for (auto token : token_strs) {
+            ss << "\"" << token << "\", ";
+        }
+        ss << "]";
+        LOG_DEBUG("split prompt \"%s\" to tokens %s", original_text.c_str(), ss.str().c_str());
+        return bpe_tokens;
+    }
+};
+
+// Ref: https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/blob/cad87bf4e3e0b0a759afa94e933527c3123d59bc/modules/prompt_parser.py#L345
+//
+// Parses a string with attention tokens and returns a list of pairs: text and its associated weight.
+// Accepted tokens are:
+//   (abc) - increases attention to abc by a multiplier of 1.1
+//   (abc:3.12) - increases attention to abc by a multiplier of 3.12
+//   [abc] - decreases attention to abc by a multiplier of 1.1
+//   \( - literal character '('
+//   \[ - literal character '['
+//   \) - literal character ')'
+//   \] - literal character ']'
+//   \\ - literal character '\'
+//   anything else - just text
+//
+// >>> parse_prompt_attention('normal text')
+// [['normal text', 1.0]]
+// >>> parse_prompt_attention('an (important) word')
+// [['an ', 1.0], ['important', 1.1], [' word', 1.0]]
+// >>> parse_prompt_attention('(unbalanced')
+// [['unbalanced', 1.1]]
+// >>> parse_prompt_attention('\(literal\]')
+// [['(literal]', 1.0]]
+// >>> parse_prompt_attention('(unnecessary)(parens)')
+// [['unnecessaryparens', 1.1]]
+// >>> parse_prompt_attention('a (((house:1.3)) [on] a (hill:0.5), sun, (((sky))).')
+// [['a ', 1.0],
+//  ['house', 1.5730000000000004],
+//  [' ', 1.1],
+//  ['on', 1.0],
+//  [' a ', 1.1],
+//  ['hill', 0.55],
+//  [', sun, ', 1.1],
+//  ['sky', 1.4641000000000006],
+//  ['.', 1.1]]
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, float>> parse_prompt_attention(const std::string& text) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, float>> res;
+    std::vector<int> round_brackets;
+    std::vector<int> square_brackets;
+
+    float round_bracket_multiplier  = 1.1f;
+    float square_bracket_multiplier = 1 / 1.1f;
+
+    std::regex re_attention(R"(\\\(|\\\)|\\\[|\\\]|\\\\|\\|\(|\[|:([+-]?[.\d]+)\)|\)|\]|[^\\()\[\]:]+|:)");
+    std::regex re_break(R"(\s*\bBREAK\b\s*)");
+
+    auto multiply_range = [&](int start_position, float multiplier) {
+        for (int p = start_position; p < res.size(); ++p) {
+            res[p].second *= multiplier;
+        }
+    };
+
+    std::smatch m;
+    std::string remaining_text = text;
+
+    while (std::regex_search(remaining_text, m, re_attention)) {
+        std::string text   = m[0];
+        std::string weight = m[1];
+
+        if (text == "(") {
+            round_brackets.push_back((int)res.size());
+        } else if (text == "[") {
+            square_brackets.push_back((int)res.size());
+        } else if (!weight.empty()) {
+            if (!round_brackets.empty()) {
+                multiply_range(round_brackets.back(), std::stof(weight));
+                round_brackets.pop_back();
+            }
+        } else if (text == ")" && !round_brackets.empty()) {
+            multiply_range(round_brackets.back(), round_bracket_multiplier);
+            round_brackets.pop_back();
+        } else if (text == "]" && !square_brackets.empty()) {
+            multiply_range(square_brackets.back(), square_bracket_multiplier);
+            square_brackets.pop_back();
+        } else if (text == "\\(") {
+            res.push_back({text.substr(1), 1.0f});
+        } else {
+            res.push_back({text, 1.0f});
+        }
+
+        remaining_text = m.suffix();
+    }
+
+    for (int pos : round_brackets) {
+        multiply_range(pos, round_bracket_multiplier);
+    }
+
+    for (int pos : square_brackets) {
+        multiply_range(pos, square_bracket_multiplier);
+    }
+
+    if (res.empty()) {
+        res.push_back({"", 1.0f});
+    }
+
+    int i = 0;
+    while (i + 1 < res.size()) {
+        if (res[i].second == res[i + 1].second) {
+            res[i].first += res[i + 1].first;
+            res.erase(res.begin() + i + 1);
+        } else {
+            ++i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+/*================================================ FrozenCLIPEmbedder ================================================*/
+
+struct ResidualAttentionBlock {
+    int32_t n_head;
+    int32_t d_model;
+    int32_t hidden_size;  // n_head * d_model
+    int32_t intermediate_size;
+
+    // attention
+    struct ggml_tensor* q_w;  // [hidden_size, hidden_size]
+    struct ggml_tensor* q_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* k_w;  // [hidden_size, hidden_size]
+    struct ggml_tensor* k_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* v_w;  // [hidden_size, hidden_size]
+    struct ggml_tensor* v_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* out_w;  // [hidden_size, hidden_size]
+    struct ggml_tensor* out_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+
+    // layer norm 1
+    struct ggml_tensor* ln1_w;  // [hidden_size, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* ln1_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+
+    // mlp
+    struct ggml_tensor* fc1_w;  // [intermediate_size, hidden_size]
+    struct ggml_tensor* fc1_b;  // [intermediate_size, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* fc2_w;  // [hidden_size, intermediate_size]
+    struct ggml_tensor* fc2_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+
+    // layer norm 2
+    struct ggml_tensor* ln2_w;  // [hidden_size, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* ln2_b;  // [hidden_size, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* attn_scale;  // [hidden_size, ]
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        mem_size += 4 * hidden_size * hidden_size * ggml_type_sizef(wtype);        // q_w/k_w/v_w/out_w
+        mem_size += 8 * hidden_size * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);              // q_b/k_b/v_b/out_b/ln1_w/ln1_b/ln2_w/ln2_b
+        mem_size += 2 * hidden_size * intermediate_size * ggml_type_sizef(wtype);  // fc1_w/fc2_w
+        mem_size += intermediate_size * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);            // fc1_b
+        mem_size += hidden_size * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                  // fc2_b
+        mem_size += ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                                // attn_scale
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_allocr* alloc, ggml_type wtype) {
+        ln1_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+        ln1_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        q_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, hidden_size);
+        q_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+        k_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, hidden_size);
+        k_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+        v_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, hidden_size);
+        v_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        out_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, hidden_size);
+        out_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        fc1_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, intermediate_size);
+        fc1_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, intermediate_size);
+
+        fc2_w = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, intermediate_size, hidden_size);
+        fc2_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        ln2_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+        ln2_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        attn_scale = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, attn_scale);
+        float scale = 1.0f / sqrt((float)d_model);
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(attn_scale, &scale, 0, sizeof(scale));
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.q_proj.weight"]   = q_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.q_proj.bias"]     = q_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.k_proj.weight"]   = k_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.k_proj.bias"]     = k_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.v_proj.weight"]   = v_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.v_proj.bias"]     = v_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.out_proj.weight"] = out_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "self_attn.out_proj.bias"]   = out_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "layer_norm1.weight"] = ln1_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "layer_norm1.bias"]   = ln1_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "layer_norm2.weight"] = ln2_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "layer_norm2.bias"]   = ln2_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "mlp.fc1.weight"] = fc1_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "mlp.fc1.bias"]   = fc1_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "mlp.fc2.weight"] = fc2_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "mlp.fc2.bias"]   = fc2_b;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // x: [N, n_token, hidden_size]
+        int64_t N           = x->ne[2];
+        int64_t n_token     = x->ne[1];
+        int64_t hidden_size = n_head * d_model;
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* r = x;
+
+        // layer norm 1
+        x = ggml_nn_layer_norm(ctx, x, ln1_w, ln1_b);
+        // self-attention
+        {
+            struct ggml_tensor* q = ggml_nn_linear(ctx, x, q_w, q_b);
+            q                     = ggml_scale_inplace(ctx, q, attn_scale);
+            q                     = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, q, d_model, n_head, n_token, N);   // [N, n_token, n_head, d_model]
+            q                     = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, q, 0, 2, 1, 3));       // [N, n_head, n_token, d_model]
+            q                     = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, q, d_model, n_token, n_head * N);  // [N * n_head, n_token, d_model]
+
+            struct ggml_tensor* k = ggml_nn_linear(ctx, x, k_w, k_b);
+            k                     = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, k, d_model, n_head, n_token, N);  // [N, n_token, n_head, d_model]
+            k                     = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, k, 0, 2, 1, 3));      // [N, n_head, n_token, d_model]
+            k                     = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, k, d_model, n_token, n_head);     // [N * n_head, n_token, d_model]
+
+            struct ggml_tensor* v = ggml_nn_linear(ctx, x, v_w, v_b);
+            v                     = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, v, d_model, n_head, n_token, N);   // [N, n_token, n_head, d_model]
+            v                     = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, v, 1, 2, 0, 3));       // [N, n_head, d_model, n_token]
+            v                     = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, v, n_token, d_model, n_head * N);  // [N * n_head, d_model, n_token]
+
+            struct ggml_tensor* kq = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, k, q);  // [N * n_head, n_token, n_token]
+
+            kq = ggml_diag_mask_inf_inplace(ctx, kq, 0);
+            kq = ggml_soft_max_inplace(ctx, kq);
+
+            struct ggml_tensor* kqv = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, v, kq);  // [N * n_head, n_token, d_model]
+            kqv                     = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, kqv, d_model, n_token, n_head, N);
+            kqv                     = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, kqv, 0, 2, 1, 3));  // [N, n_token, n_head, d_model]
+
+            x = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, kqv, d_model * n_head, n_token * N);  // // [N * n_token, d_model * n_head]
+        }
+
+        // attention output
+        x = ggml_nn_linear(ctx, x, out_w, out_b);
+
+        // residual
+        x = ggml_add(ctx, x, r);
+        r = x;
+
+        // layer norm 2
+        x = ggml_nn_layer_norm(ctx, x, ln2_w, ln2_b);
+
+        // mlp
+        x = ggml_nn_linear(ctx, x, fc1_w, fc1_b);
+
+        if (hidden_size == 1024 || hidden_size == 1280) {  // SD 2.x
+            x = ggml_gelu_inplace(ctx, x);
+        } else {  // SD 1.x
+            x = ggml_gelu_quick_inplace(ctx, x);
+        }
+
+        x = ggml_nn_linear(ctx, x, fc2_w, fc2_b);
+
+        // residual 2
+        x = ggml_add(ctx, x, r);
+        return x;
+    }
+};
+
+// OPENAI_CLIP_VIT_L_14: https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-large-patch14/blob/main/config.json
+// OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14: https://huggingface.co/laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K/blob/main/config.json
+// OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14: https://huggingface.co/laion/CLIP-ViT-bigG-14-laion2B-39B-b160k/blob/main/config.json (CLIPTextModelWithProjection)
+// SDXL CLIPModel
+// CLIPTextModelWithProjection seems optional
+
+enum CLIPVersion {
+    OPENAI_CLIP_VIT_L_14,   // SD 1.x and SDXL
+    OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14,     // SD 2.x
+    OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14,  // SDXL
+};
+
+struct CLIPTextModel {
+    CLIPVersion version = OPENAI_CLIP_VIT_L_14;
+    // network hparams
+    int32_t vocab_size              = 49408;
+    int32_t max_position_embeddings = 77;
+    int32_t hidden_size             = 768;   // 1024 for OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14
+    int32_t intermediate_size       = 3072;  // 4096 for OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14
+    int32_t n_head                  = 12;    // num_attention_heads, 16 for OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14
+    int32_t num_hidden_layers       = 12;    // 24 for OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14
+    int32_t layer_idx               = 11;
+    int32_t projection_dim          = 1280;  // only for OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14
+    bool with_final_ln              = true;
+
+    // embeddings
+    struct ggml_tensor* position_ids;
+    struct ggml_tensor* token_embed_weight;
+    struct ggml_tensor* position_embed_weight;
+
+    // transformer
+    std::vector<ResidualAttentionBlock> resblocks;
+    struct ggml_tensor* final_ln_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor* final_ln_b;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* text_projection;
+
+    CLIPTextModel(CLIPVersion version = OPENAI_CLIP_VIT_L_14,
+                  int clip_skip       = -1,
+                  bool with_final_ln  = true)
+        : version(version), with_final_ln(with_final_ln) {
+        if (version == OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14) {
+            hidden_size       = 1024;
+            intermediate_size = 4096;
+            n_head            = 16;
+            num_hidden_layers = 24;
+        } else if (version == OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14) {  // CLIPTextModelWithProjection
+            hidden_size       = 1280;
+            intermediate_size = 5120;
+            n_head            = 20;
+            num_hidden_layers = 32;
+        }
+        set_clip_skip(clip_skip);
+        resblocks.resize(num_hidden_layers);
+        set_resblocks_hp_params();
+    }
+
+    void set_clip_skip(int clip_skip) {
+        if (clip_skip > 0) {
+            layer_idx = num_hidden_layers - clip_skip;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void set_resblocks_hp_params() {
+        int d_model = hidden_size / n_head;  // 64 / SDXL is 40 for CLIPTextModelWithProjection
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_hidden_layers; i++) {
+            resblocks[i].d_model           = d_model;
+            resblocks[i].n_head            = n_head;
+            resblocks[i].hidden_size       = hidden_size;
+            resblocks[i].intermediate_size = intermediate_size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        mem_size += hidden_size * max_position_embeddings * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_I32);  // position_ids
+        mem_size += hidden_size * vocab_size * ggml_type_sizef(wtype);                       // token_embed_weight
+        mem_size += hidden_size * max_position_embeddings * ggml_type_sizef(wtype);          // position_embed_weight
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_hidden_layers; i++) {
+            mem_size += resblocks[i].calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        }
+        mem_size += 2 * hidden_size * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);  // final_ln_w/b
+        if (version == OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14) {
+            mem_size += hidden_size * projection_dim * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);  // text_projection
+        }
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "embeddings.token_embedding.weight"]    = token_embed_weight;
+        tensors[prefix + "embeddings.position_embedding.weight"] = position_embed_weight;
+        tensors[prefix + "final_layer_norm.weight"]              = final_ln_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "final_layer_norm.bias"]                = final_ln_b;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_hidden_layers; i++) {
+            std::string name = prefix + "encoder.layers." + std::to_string(i) + ".";
+            resblocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "encoder.layers." + std::to_string(i) + ".");
+        }
+        if (version == OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14) {
+            tensors[prefix + "text_projection"] = text_projection;
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx0, struct ggml_tensor* input_ids, size_t max_token_idx = 0, bool return_pooled = false) {
+        // input_ids: [N, n_token]
+        GGML_ASSERT(input_ids->ne[0] <= position_ids->ne[0]);
+
+        // token_embedding + position_embedding
+        struct ggml_tensor* x;
+        x = ggml_add(ctx0,
+                     ggml_get_rows(ctx0, token_embed_weight, input_ids),
+                     ggml_get_rows(ctx0,
+                                   position_embed_weight,
+                                   ggml_view_1d(ctx0, position_ids, input_ids->ne[0], 0)));  // [N, n_token, hidden_size]
+
+        // transformer
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_hidden_layers; i++) {
+            if (!return_pooled && i == layer_idx + 1) {
+                // LOG_DEBUG("layer %d", i);
+                break;
+            }
+            x = resblocks[i].forward(ctx0, x);  // [N, n_token, hidden_size]
+        }
+
+        // final layer norm
+        if (return_pooled || with_final_ln) {
+            x = ggml_nn_layer_norm(ctx0, x, final_ln_w, final_ln_b);
+        }
+
+        if (return_pooled) {
+            // ggml_tensor* idx = ggml_argmax(ctx0, input_ids);
+            // ggml_tensor* pooled = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, x, idx);
+            // LOG_DEBUG("max_token_idx: %u %u", max_token_idx, x->nb[1]);
+            ggml_tensor* pooled = ggml_view_1d(ctx0, x, hidden_size, x->nb[1] * max_token_idx);
+            pooled              = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, text_projection)), pooled);
+            return pooled;
+        }
+
+        return x;  // [N, n_token, hidden_size]
+    }
+
+    void init_params(ggml_context* ctx, ggml_backend_t backend, ggml_type wtype, ggml_allocr* alloc) {
+        position_ids = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_I32, max_position_embeddings);
+
+        token_embed_weight = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, vocab_size);
+
+        position_embed_weight = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, wtype, hidden_size, max_position_embeddings);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_hidden_layers; i++) {
+            resblocks[i].init_params(ctx, alloc, wtype);
+        }
+
+        final_ln_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        final_ln_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, hidden_size);
+
+        if (version == OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14) {
+            text_projection = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, projection_dim, hidden_size);
+        }
+
+        // alloc all tensors linked to this context
+        for (struct ggml_tensor* t = ggml_get_first_tensor(ctx); t != NULL; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(ctx, t)) {
+            if (t->data == NULL) {
+                ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < max_position_embeddings; i++) {
+                ggml_set_i32_1d(position_ids, i, i);
+            }
+        } else {
+            std::vector<int> pos_temp;
+            for (int i = 0; i < max_position_embeddings; i++) {
+                pos_temp.push_back(i);
+            }
+            ggml_backend_tensor_set(position_ids, pos_temp.data(), 0, ggml_nbytes(position_ids));
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// ldm.modules.encoders.modules.FrozenCLIPEmbedder
+// Ref: https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/blob/cad87bf4e3e0b0a759afa94e933527c3123d59bc/modules/sd_hijack_clip.py#L283
+struct FrozenCLIPEmbedderWithCustomWords : public GGMLModule {
+    SDVersion version = VERSION_1_x;
+    CLIPTokenizer tokenizer;
+    CLIPTextModel text_model;
+    CLIPTextModel text_model2;
+
+    FrozenCLIPEmbedderWithCustomWords(SDVersion version = VERSION_1_x, int clip_skip = -1)
+        : version(version), tokenizer(version) {
+        name = "clip";
+        if (clip_skip <= 0) {
+            clip_skip = 1;
+            if (version == VERSION_2_x || version == VERSION_XL) {
+                clip_skip = 2;
+            }
+        }
+        if (version == VERSION_1_x) {
+            text_model = CLIPTextModel(OPENAI_CLIP_VIT_L_14, clip_skip);
+        } else if (version == VERSION_2_x) {
+            text_model = CLIPTextModel(OPEN_CLIP_VIT_H_14, clip_skip);
+        } else if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            text_model  = CLIPTextModel(OPENAI_CLIP_VIT_L_14, clip_skip, false);
+            text_model2 = CLIPTextModel(OPEN_CLIP_VIT_BIGG_14, clip_skip, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void set_clip_skip(int clip_skip) {
+        text_model.set_clip_skip(clip_skip);
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            text_model2.set_clip_skip(clip_skip);
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = text_model.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            mem_size += text_model2.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        }
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        size_t num_tensors = (3 + 2 + 37 * text_model.num_hidden_layers);
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            num_tensors += (3 + 2 + 37 * text_model2.num_hidden_layers);
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        text_model.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "transformer.text_model.");
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            text_model2.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "1.transformer.text_model.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx0, struct ggml_tensor* input_ids, struct ggml_tensor* input_ids2, size_t max_token_idx = 0, bool return_pooled = false) {
+        if (return_pooled) {
+            return text_model2.forward(ctx0, input_ids2, max_token_idx, return_pooled);
+        }
+        auto hidden_states = text_model.forward(ctx0, input_ids);  // [N, n_token, hidden_size]
+        // LOG_DEBUG("hidden_states: %d %d %d %d %d", hidden_states->n_dims, hidden_states->ne[0], hidden_states->ne[1], hidden_states->ne[2], hidden_states->ne[3]);
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            hidden_states = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0,
+                                            hidden_states,
+                                            hidden_states->ne[0],
+                                            hidden_states->ne[1],
+                                            hidden_states->ne[2],
+                                            hidden_states->ne[3]);
+            hidden_states = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, hidden_states, 2, 0, 1, 3));
+
+            auto hidden_states2 = text_model2.forward(ctx0, input_ids2);  // [N, n_token, hidden_size2]
+            hidden_states2      = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0,
+                                             hidden_states2,
+                                             hidden_states2->ne[0],
+                                             hidden_states2->ne[1],
+                                             hidden_states2->ne[2],
+                                             hidden_states2->ne[3]);
+            hidden_states2      = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, hidden_states2, 2, 0, 1, 3));
+
+            hidden_states = ggml_concat(ctx0, hidden_states, hidden_states2);  // [N, n_token, hidden_size + hidden_size2]
+
+            hidden_states = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, hidden_states, 1, 2, 0, 3));
+        }
+        // LOG_DEBUG("hidden_states: %d %d %d %d", hidden_states->ne[0], hidden_states->ne[1], hidden_states->ne[2], hidden_states->ne[3]);
+        return hidden_states;
+    }
+
+    std::pair<std::vector<int>, std::vector<float>> tokenize(std::string text,
+                                                             bool padding = false) {
+        return tokenize(text, text_model.max_position_embeddings, padding);
+    }
+
+    std::pair<std::vector<int>, std::vector<float>> tokenize(std::string text,
+                                                             size_t max_length = 0,
+                                                             bool padding      = false) {
+        auto parsed_attention = parse_prompt_attention(text);
+
+        {
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            ss << "[";
+            for (const auto& item : parsed_attention) {
+                ss << "['" << item.first << "', " << item.second << "], ";
+            }
+            ss << "]";
+            LOG_DEBUG("parse '%s' to %s", text.c_str(), ss.str().c_str());
+        }
+
+        std::vector<int> tokens;
+        std::vector<float> weights;
+        for (const auto& item : parsed_attention) {
+            const std::string& curr_text = item.first;
+            float curr_weight            = item.second;
+            std::vector<int> curr_tokens = tokenizer.encode(curr_text);
+            tokens.insert(tokens.end(), curr_tokens.begin(), curr_tokens.end());
+            weights.insert(weights.end(), curr_tokens.size(), curr_weight);
+        }
+        tokens.insert(tokens.begin(), BOS_TOKEN_ID);
+        weights.insert(weights.begin(), 1.0);
+
+        if (max_length > 0) {
+            if (tokens.size() > max_length - 1) {
+                tokens.resize(max_length - 1);
+                weights.resize(max_length - 1);
+                tokens.push_back(EOS_TOKEN_ID);
+                weights.push_back(1.0);
+            } else {
+                tokens.push_back(EOS_TOKEN_ID);
+                weights.push_back(1.0);
+                if (padding) {
+                    int pad_token_id = PAD_TOKEN_ID;
+                    if (version == VERSION_2_x) {
+                        pad_token_id = 0;
+                    }
+                    tokens.insert(tokens.end(), max_length - tokens.size(), pad_token_id);
+                    weights.insert(weights.end(), max_length - weights.size(), 1.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
+        //     std::cout << tokens[i] << ":" << weights[i] << ", ";
+        // }
+        // std::cout << std::endl;
+
+        return {tokens, weights};
+    }
+
+    void init_params() {
+        ggml_allocr* alloc = ggml_allocr_new_from_buffer(params_buffer);
+        text_model.init_params(params_ctx, backend, wtype, alloc);
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            text_model2.init_params(params_ctx, backend, wtype, alloc);
+        }
+        ggml_allocr_free(alloc);
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph* build_graph(struct ggml_allocr* allocr, std::vector<int> tokens, bool return_pooled = false) {
+        // since we are using ggml-alloc, this buffer only needs enough space to hold the ggml_tensor and ggml_cgraph structs, but not the tensor data
+        static size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead() * GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE + ggml_graph_overhead();
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> buf(buf_size);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params = {
+            /*.mem_size   =*/buf_size,
+            /*.mem_buffer =*/buf.data(),
+            /*.no_alloc   =*/true,  // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_allocr_alloc_graph()
+        };
+
+        struct ggml_context* ctx0 = ggml_init(params);
+
+        struct ggml_cgraph* gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx0);
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* input_ids = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, tokens.size());
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(allocr, input_ids);
+
+        if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(allocr)) {
+            ggml_backend_tensor_set(input_ids, tokens.data(), 0, tokens.size() * ggml_element_size(input_ids));
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* input_ids2 = NULL;
+        size_t max_token_idx           = 0;
+        if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+            input_ids2 = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_I32, tokens.size());
+            ggml_allocr_alloc(allocr, input_ids2);
+
+            auto it = std::find(tokens.begin(), tokens.end(), EOS_TOKEN_ID);
+            if (it != tokens.end()) {
+                std::fill(std::next(it), tokens.end(), 0);
+            }
+
+            max_token_idx = std::min<size_t>(std::distance(tokens.begin(), it), tokens.size() - 1);
+
+            // for (int i = 0; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
+            //     printf("%d ", tokens[i]);
+            // }
+            // printf("\n");
+
+            if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(allocr)) {
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(input_ids2, tokens.data(), 0, tokens.size() * ggml_element_size(input_ids2));
+            }
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* hidden_states = forward(ctx0, input_ids, input_ids2, max_token_idx, return_pooled);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, hidden_states);
+        ggml_free(ctx0);
+
+        return gf;
+    }
+
+    void alloc_compute_buffer(ggml_context* work_ctx, int max_tokens) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            bool return_pooled = false;
+            if (version == VERSION_XL) {
+                return_pooled = true;
+            }
+            return build_graph(compute_allocr, std::vector<int>(max_tokens), return_pooled);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::alloc_compute_buffer(get_graph);
+    }
+
+    void compute(const int n_threads,
+                 std::vector<int> tokens,
+                 ggml_tensor* hidden_state_output,
+                 ggml_tensor* pooled_output = NULL) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(compute_allocr, tokens, false);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::compute(get_graph, n_threads, hidden_state_output);
+
+        if (version == VERSION_XL && pooled_output != NULL) {
+            auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+                return build_graph(compute_allocr, tokens, true);
+            };
+            GGMLModule::compute(get_graph, n_threads, pooled_output);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __CLIP_HPP__

common.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#ifndef __COMMON_HPP__
+#define __COMMON_HPP__
+
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+
+struct DownSample {
+    // hparams
+    int channels;
+    int out_channels;
+
+    // conv2d params
+    struct ggml_tensor* op_w;  // [out_channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* op_b;  // [out_channels,]
+
+    bool vae_downsample = false;
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        mem_size += out_channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // op_w
+        mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                     // op_b
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_type wtype) {
+        op_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, out_channels);
+        op_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        if (vae_downsample) {
+            tensors[prefix + "conv.weight"] = op_w;
+            tensors[prefix + "conv.bias"]   = op_b;
+        } else {
+            tensors[prefix + "op.weight"] = op_w;
+            tensors[prefix + "op.bias"]   = op_b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // x: [N, channels, h, w]
+        struct ggml_tensor* c = NULL;
+        if (vae_downsample) {
+            c = ggml_pad(ctx, x, 1, 1, 0, 0);
+            c = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, c, op_w, op_b, 2, 2, 0, 0);
+        } else {
+            c = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, op_w, op_b, 2, 2, 1, 1);
+        }
+        return c;  // [N, out_channels, h/2, w/2]
+    }
+};
+
+struct UpSample {
+    // hparams
+    int channels;
+    int out_channels;
+
+    // conv2d params
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_w;  // [out_channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_b;  // [out_channels,]
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        mem_size += out_channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // op_w
+        mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                     // op_b
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_type wtype) {
+        conv_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, out_channels);
+        conv_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.weight"] = conv_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.bias"]   = conv_b;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // x: [N, channels, h, w]
+        x = ggml_upscale(ctx, x, 2);                              // [N, channels, h*2, w*2]
+        x = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, conv_w, conv_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, out_channels, h*2, w*2]
+        return x;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __COMMON_HPP__

denoiser.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#ifndef __DENOISER_HPP__
+#define __DENOISER_HPP__
+
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+
+/*================================================= CompVisDenoiser ==================================================*/
+
+// Ref: https://github.com/crowsonkb/k-diffusion/blob/master/k_diffusion/external.py
+
+#define TIMESTEPS 1000
+
+struct SigmaSchedule {
+    float alphas_cumprod[TIMESTEPS];
+    float sigmas[TIMESTEPS];
+    float log_sigmas[TIMESTEPS];
+
+    virtual std::vector<float> get_sigmas(uint32_t n) = 0;
+
+    float sigma_to_t(float sigma) {
+        float log_sigma = std::log(sigma);
+        std::vector<float> dists;
+        dists.reserve(TIMESTEPS);
+        for (float log_sigma_val : log_sigmas) {
+            dists.push_back(log_sigma - log_sigma_val);
+        }
+
+        int low_idx = 0;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < TIMESTEPS; i++) {
+            if (dists[i] >= 0) {
+                low_idx++;
+            }
+        }
+        low_idx      = std::min(std::max(low_idx - 1, 0), TIMESTEPS - 2);
+        int high_idx = low_idx + 1;
+
+        float low  = log_sigmas[low_idx];
+        float high = log_sigmas[high_idx];
+        float w    = (low - log_sigma) / (low - high);
+        w          = std::max(0.f, std::min(1.f, w));
+        float t    = (1.0f - w) * low_idx + w * high_idx;
+
+        return t;
+    }
+
+    float t_to_sigma(float t) {
+        int low_idx     = static_cast<int>(std::floor(t));
+        int high_idx    = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(t));
+        float w         = t - static_cast<float>(low_idx);
+        float log_sigma = (1.0f - w) * log_sigmas[low_idx] + w * log_sigmas[high_idx];
+        return std::exp(log_sigma);
+    }
+};
+
+struct DiscreteSchedule : SigmaSchedule {
+    std::vector<float> get_sigmas(uint32_t n) {
+        std::vector<float> result;
+
+        int t_max = TIMESTEPS - 1;
+
+        if (n == 0) {
+            return result;
+        } else if (n == 1) {
+            result.push_back(t_to_sigma((float)t_max));
+            result.push_back(0);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        float step = static_cast<float>(t_max) / static_cast<float>(n - 1);
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            float t = t_max - step * i;
+            result.push_back(t_to_sigma(t));
+        }
+        result.push_back(0);
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
+struct KarrasSchedule : SigmaSchedule {
+    std::vector<float> get_sigmas(uint32_t n) {
+        // These *COULD* be function arguments here,
+        // but does anybody ever bother to touch them?
+        float sigma_min = 0.1f;
+        float sigma_max = 10.f;
+        float rho       = 7.f;
+
+        std::vector<float> result(n + 1);
+
+        float min_inv_rho = pow(sigma_min, (1.f / rho));
+        float max_inv_rho = pow(sigma_max, (1.f / rho));
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            // Eq. (5) from Karras et al 2022
+            result[i] = pow(max_inv_rho + (float)i / ((float)n - 1.f) * (min_inv_rho - max_inv_rho), rho);
+        }
+        result[n] = 0.;
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
+struct Denoiser {
+    std::shared_ptr<SigmaSchedule> schedule              = std::make_shared<DiscreteSchedule>();
+    virtual std::vector<float> get_scalings(float sigma) = 0;
+};
+
+struct CompVisDenoiser : public Denoiser {
+    float sigma_data = 1.0f;
+
+    std::vector<float> get_scalings(float sigma) {
+        float c_out = -sigma;
+        float c_in  = 1.0f / std::sqrt(sigma * sigma + sigma_data * sigma_data);
+        return {c_out, c_in};
+    }
+};
+
+struct CompVisVDenoiser : public Denoiser {
+    float sigma_data = 1.0f;
+
+    std::vector<float> get_scalings(float sigma) {
+        float c_skip = sigma_data * sigma_data / (sigma * sigma + sigma_data * sigma_data);
+        float c_out  = -sigma * sigma_data / std::sqrt(sigma * sigma + sigma_data * sigma_data);
+        float c_in   = 1.0f / std::sqrt(sigma * sigma + sigma_data * sigma_data);
+        return {c_skip, c_out, c_in};
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __DENOISER_HPP__

esrgan.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+#ifndef __ESRGAN_HPP__
+#define __ESRGAN_HPP__
+
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+#include "model.h"
+
+/*
+    ===================================    ESRGAN  ===================================
+    References:
+    https://github.com/xinntao/Real-ESRGAN/blob/master/inference_realesrgan.py
+    https://github.com/XPixelGroup/BasicSR/blob/v1.4.2/basicsr/archs/rrdbnet_arch.py
+
+*/
+
+struct ResidualDenseBlock {
+    int num_features;
+    int num_grow_ch;
+    ggml_tensor* conv1_w;  // [num_grow_ch, num_features, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv1_b;  // [num_grow_ch]
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv2_w;  // [num_grow_ch, num_features + num_grow_ch, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv2_b;  // [num_grow_ch]
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv3_w;  // [num_grow_ch, num_features + 2 * num_grow_ch, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv3_b;  // [num_grow_ch]
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv4_w;  // [num_grow_ch, num_features + 3 * num_grow_ch, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv4_b;  // [num_grow_ch]
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv5_w;  // [num_features, num_features + 4 * num_grow_ch, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv5_b;  // [num_features]
+
+    ResidualDenseBlock() {}
+
+    ResidualDenseBlock(int num_feat, int n_grow_ch) {
+        num_features = num_feat;
+        num_grow_ch  = n_grow_ch;
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = num_features * num_grow_ch * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv1_w
+        mem_size += num_grow_ch * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                               // conv1_b
+
+        mem_size += (num_features + num_grow_ch) * num_grow_ch * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv2_w
+        mem_size += num_grow_ch * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                                         // conv2_b
+
+        mem_size += (num_features + 2 * num_grow_ch) * num_grow_ch * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv3_w
+        mem_size += num_grow_ch * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                                             // conv3_w
+
+        mem_size += (num_features + 3 * num_grow_ch) * num_grow_ch * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv4_w
+        mem_size += num_grow_ch * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                                             // conv4_w
+
+        mem_size += (num_features + 4 * num_grow_ch) * num_features * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv5_w
+        mem_size += num_features * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                                             // conv5_w
+
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    int get_num_tensors() {
+        int num_tensors = 10;
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params(ggml_context* ctx) {
+        conv1_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features, num_grow_ch);
+        conv1_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_grow_ch);
+        conv2_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features + num_grow_ch, num_grow_ch);
+        conv2_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_grow_ch);
+        conv3_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features + 2 * num_grow_ch, num_grow_ch);
+        conv3_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_grow_ch);
+        conv4_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features + 3 * num_grow_ch, num_grow_ch);
+        conv4_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_grow_ch);
+        conv5_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features + 4 * num_grow_ch, num_features);
+        conv5_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_features);
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors, std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "conv1.weight"] = conv1_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv1.bias"]   = conv1_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "conv2.weight"] = conv2_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv2.bias"]   = conv2_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "conv3.weight"] = conv3_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv3.bias"]   = conv3_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "conv4.weight"] = conv4_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv4.bias"]   = conv4_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "conv5.weight"] = conv5_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv5.bias"]   = conv5_b;
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor* forward(ggml_context* ctx, ggml_tensor* out_scale, ggml_tensor* x /* feat */) {
+        // x1 = self.lrelu(self.conv1(x))
+        ggml_tensor* x1 = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, conv1_w, conv1_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        x1              = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx, x1, 0.2f, true);
+
+        // x2 = self.lrelu(self.conv2(torch.cat((x, x1), 1)))
+        ggml_tensor* x_cat = ggml_concat(ctx, x, x1);
+        ggml_tensor* x2    = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x_cat, conv2_w, conv2_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        x2                 = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx, x2, 0.2f, true);
+
+        // x3 = self.lrelu(self.conv3(torch.cat((x, x1, x2), 1)))
+        x_cat           = ggml_concat(ctx, x_cat, x2);
+        ggml_tensor* x3 = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x_cat, conv3_w, conv3_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        x3              = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx, x3, 0.2f, true);
+
+        // x4 = self.lrelu(self.conv4(torch.cat((x, x1, x2, x3), 1)))
+        x_cat           = ggml_concat(ctx, x_cat, x3);
+        ggml_tensor* x4 = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x_cat, conv4_w, conv4_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        x4              = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx, x4, 0.2f, true);
+
+        // self.conv5(torch.cat((x, x1, x2, x3, x4), 1))
+        x_cat           = ggml_concat(ctx, x_cat, x4);
+        ggml_tensor* x5 = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x_cat, conv5_w, conv5_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // return x5 * 0.2 + x
+        x5 = ggml_add(ctx, ggml_scale(ctx, x5, out_scale), x);
+        return x5;
+    }
+};
+
+struct EsrganBlock {
+    ResidualDenseBlock rd_blocks[3];
+    int num_residual_blocks = 3;
+
+    EsrganBlock() {}
+
+    EsrganBlock(int num_feat, int num_grow_ch) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_residual_blocks; i++) {
+            rd_blocks[i] = ResidualDenseBlock(num_feat, num_grow_ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    int get_num_tensors() {
+        int num_tensors = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_residual_blocks; i++) {
+            num_tensors += rd_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_residual_blocks; i++) {
+            mem_size += rd_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    void init_params(ggml_context* ctx) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_residual_blocks; i++) {
+            rd_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors, std::string prefix) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_residual_blocks; i++) {
+            rd_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "rdb" + std::to_string(i + 1) + ".");
+        }
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor* forward(ggml_context* ctx, ggml_tensor* out_scale, ggml_tensor* x) {
+        ggml_tensor* out = x;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_residual_blocks; i++) {
+            // out = self.rdb...(x)
+            out = rd_blocks[i].forward(ctx, out_scale, out);
+        }
+        // return out * 0.2 + x
+        out = ggml_add(ctx, ggml_scale(ctx, out, out_scale), x);
+        return out;
+    }
+};
+
+struct ESRGAN : public GGMLModule {
+    int scale        = 4;  // default RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B
+    int num_blocks   = 6;  // default RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B
+    int in_channels  = 3;
+    int out_channels = 3;
+    int num_features = 64;   // default RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B
+    int num_grow_ch  = 32;   // default RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B
+    int tile_size    = 128;  // avoid cuda OOM for 4gb VRAM
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv_first_w;  // [num_features, in_channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_first_b;  // [num_features]
+
+    EsrganBlock body_blocks[6];
+    ggml_tensor* conv_body_w;  // [num_features, num_features, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_body_b;  // [num_features]
+
+    // upsample
+    ggml_tensor* conv_up1_w;  // [num_features, num_features, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_up1_b;  // [num_features]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_up2_w;  // [num_features, num_features, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_up2_b;  // [num_features]
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv_hr_w;    // [num_features, num_features, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_hr_b;    // [num_features]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_last_w;  // [out_channels, num_features, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_last_b;  // [out_channels]
+
+    bool decode_only = false;
+
+    ESRGAN() {
+        name = "esrgan";
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            body_blocks[i] = EsrganBlock(num_features, num_grow_ch);
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = num_features * in_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_first_w
+        mem_size += num_features * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                              // conv_first_b
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            mem_size += body_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+
+        mem_size += num_features * num_features * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_body_w
+        mem_size += num_features * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                         // conv_body_w
+
+        // upsample
+        mem_size += num_features * num_features * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_up1_w
+        mem_size += num_features * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                         // conv_up1_b
+
+        mem_size += num_features * num_features * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_up2_w
+        mem_size += num_features * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                         // conv_up2_b
+
+        mem_size += num_features * num_features * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_hr_w
+        mem_size += num_features * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                         // conv_hr_b
+
+        mem_size += out_channels * num_features * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_last_w
+        mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                         // conv_last_b
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        size_t num_tensors = 12;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            num_tensors += body_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params() {
+        ggml_allocr* alloc = ggml_allocr_new_from_buffer(params_buffer);
+        conv_first_w       = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, in_channels, num_features);
+        conv_first_b       = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_features);
+        conv_body_w        = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features, num_features);
+        conv_body_b        = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_features);
+        conv_up1_w         = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features, num_features);
+        conv_up1_b         = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_features);
+        conv_up2_w         = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features, num_features);
+        conv_up2_b         = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_features);
+        conv_hr_w          = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features, num_features);
+        conv_hr_b          = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, num_features);
+        conv_last_w        = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, num_features, out_channels);
+        conv_last_b        = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            body_blocks[i].init_params(params_ctx);
+        }
+
+        // alloc all tensors linked to this context
+        for (struct ggml_tensor* t = ggml_get_first_tensor(params_ctx); t != NULL; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(params_ctx, t)) {
+            if (t->data == NULL) {
+                ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, t);
+            }
+        }
+        ggml_allocr_free(alloc);
+    }
+
+    bool load_from_file(const std::string& file_path, ggml_backend_t backend) {
+        LOG_INFO("loading esrgan from '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+
+        if (!alloc_params_buffer(backend)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*> esrgan_tensors;
+
+        // prepare memory for the weights
+        {
+            init_params();
+            map_by_name(esrgan_tensors);
+        }
+
+        ModelLoader model_loader;
+        if (!model_loader.init_from_file(file_path)) {
+            LOG_ERROR("init esrgan model loader from file failed: '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        bool success = model_loader.load_tensors(esrgan_tensors, backend);
+
+        if (!success) {
+            LOG_ERROR("load esrgan tensors from model loader failed");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        LOG_INFO("esrgan model loaded");
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors) {
+        tensors["conv_first.weight"] = conv_first_w;
+        tensors["conv_first.bias"]   = conv_first_b;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            body_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, "body." + std::to_string(i) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors["conv_body.weight"] = conv_body_w;
+        tensors["conv_body.bias"]   = conv_body_b;
+
+        tensors["conv_up1.weight"] = conv_up1_w;
+        tensors["conv_up1.bias"]   = conv_up1_b;
+        tensors["conv_up2.weight"] = conv_up2_w;
+        tensors["conv_up2.bias"]   = conv_up2_b;
+        tensors["conv_hr.weight"]  = conv_hr_w;
+        tensors["conv_hr.bias"]    = conv_hr_b;
+
+        tensors["conv_last.weight"] = conv_last_w;
+        tensors["conv_last.bias"]   = conv_last_b;
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor* forward(ggml_context* ctx0, ggml_tensor* out_scale, ggml_tensor* x /* feat */) {
+        // feat = self.conv_first(feat)
+        auto h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, x, conv_first_w, conv_first_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        auto body_h = h;
+        // self.body(feat)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            body_h = body_blocks[i].forward(ctx0, out_scale, body_h);
+        }
+
+        // body_feat = self.conv_body(self.body(feat))
+        body_h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, body_h, conv_body_w, conv_body_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // feat = feat + body_feat
+        h = ggml_add(ctx0, h, body_h);
+
+        // upsample
+        // feat = self.lrelu(self.conv_up1(F.interpolate(feat, scale_factor=2, mode='nearest')))
+        h = ggml_upscale(ctx0, h, 2);
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, h, conv_up1_w, conv_up1_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        h = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx0, h, 0.2f, true);
+
+        // feat = self.lrelu(self.conv_up2(F.interpolate(feat, scale_factor=2, mode='nearest')))
+        h = ggml_upscale(ctx0, h, 2);
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, h, conv_up2_w, conv_up2_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        h = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx0, h, 0.2f, true);
+
+        // out = self.conv_last(self.lrelu(self.conv_hr(feat)))
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, h, conv_hr_w, conv_hr_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        h = ggml_leaky_relu(ctx0, h, 0.2f, true);
+
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, h, conv_last_w, conv_last_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph* build_graph(struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // since we are using ggml-alloc, this buffer only needs enough space to hold the ggml_tensor and ggml_cgraph structs, but not the tensor data
+        static size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead() * GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE + ggml_graph_overhead();
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> buf(buf_size);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params = {
+            /*.mem_size   =*/buf_size,
+            /*.mem_buffer =*/buf.data(),
+            /*.no_alloc   =*/true,  // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_allocr_alloc_graph()
+        };
+
+        struct ggml_context* ctx0 = ggml_init(params);
+
+        struct ggml_cgraph* gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx0);
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* x_ = NULL;
+        struct ggml_tensor* os = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(compute_allocr, os);
+        if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(compute_allocr)) {
+            float scale = 0.2f;
+            ggml_backend_tensor_set(os, &scale, 0, sizeof(scale));
+        }
+
+        // it's performing a compute, check if backend isn't cpu
+        if (!ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)) {
+            // pass input tensors to gpu memory
+            x_ = ggml_dup_tensor(ctx0, x);
+            ggml_allocr_alloc(compute_allocr, x_);
+
+            // pass data to device backend
+            if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(compute_allocr)) {
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(x_, x->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(x));
+            }
+        } else {
+            x_ = x;
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* out = forward(ctx0, os, x);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, out);
+        ggml_free(ctx0);
+
+        return gf;
+    }
+
+    void alloc_compute_buffer(struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(x);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::alloc_compute_buffer(get_graph);
+    }
+
+    void compute(struct ggml_tensor* work_result, const int n_threads, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(x);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::compute(get_graph, n_threads, work_result);
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __ESRGAN_HPP__

examples/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-# TODO: move into its own subdirectoy
-# TODO: make stb libs a target (maybe common)
-set(SD_TARGET sd)
+include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
-add_executable(${SD_TARGET} main.cpp stb_image.h stb_image_write.h)
-install(TARGETS ${SD_TARGET} RUNTIME)
-target_link_libraries(${SD_TARGET} PRIVATE stable-diffusion ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
-target_compile_features(${SD_TARGET} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
+add_subdirectory(cli)

examples/cli/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+set(TARGET sd)
+
+add_executable(${TARGET} main.cpp)
+install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE stable-diffusion ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_features(${TARGET} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)

examples/cli/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "stable-diffusion.h"
+
+#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "stb_image.h"
+
+#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_STATIC
+#include "stb_image_write.h"
+
+const char* rng_type_to_str[] = {
+    "std_default",
+    "cuda",
+};
+
+// Names of the sampler method, same order as enum sample_method in stable-diffusion.h
+const char* sample_method_str[] = {
+    "euler_a",
+    "euler",
+    "heun",
+    "dpm2",
+    "dpm++2s_a",
+    "dpm++2m",
+    "dpm++2mv2",
+    "lcm",
+};
+
+// Names of the sigma schedule overrides, same order as sample_schedule in stable-diffusion.h
+const char* schedule_str[] = {
+    "default",
+    "discrete",
+    "karras",
+};
+
+const char* modes_str[] = {
+    "txt2img",
+    "img2img",
+};
+
+enum SDMode {
+    TXT2IMG,
+    IMG2IMG,
+    MODE_COUNT
+};
+
+struct SDParams {
+    int n_threads = -1;
+    SDMode mode   = TXT2IMG;
+
+    std::string model_path;
+    std::string vae_path;
+    std::string taesd_path;
+    std::string esrgan_path;
+    sd_type_t wtype = SD_TYPE_COUNT;
+    std::string lora_model_dir;
+    std::string output_path = "output.png";
+    std::string input_path;
+
+    std::string prompt;
+    std::string negative_prompt;
+    float cfg_scale = 7.0f;
+    int clip_skip   = -1;  // <= 0 represents unspecified
+    int width       = 512;
+    int height      = 512;
+    int batch_count = 1;
+
+    sample_method_t sample_method = EULER_A;
+    schedule_t schedule           = DEFAULT;
+    int sample_steps              = 20;
+    float strength                = 0.75f;
+    rng_type_t rng_type           = CUDA_RNG;
+    int64_t seed                  = 42;
+    bool verbose                  = false;
+    bool vae_tiling               = false;
+};
+
+static std::string sd_basename(const std::string& path) {
+    size_t pos = path.find_last_of('/');
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        return path.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+    pos = path.find_last_of('\\');
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        return path.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+void print_params(SDParams params) {
+    printf("Option: \n");
+    printf("    n_threads:         %d\n", params.n_threads);
+    printf("    mode:              %s\n", modes_str[params.mode]);
+    printf("    model_path:        %s\n", params.model_path.c_str());
+    printf("    wtype:             %s\n", params.wtype < SD_TYPE_COUNT ? sd_type_name(params.wtype) : "unspecified");
+    printf("    vae_path:          %s\n", params.vae_path.c_str());
+    printf("    taesd_path:        %s\n", params.taesd_path.c_str());
+    printf("    esrgan_path:       %s\n", params.esrgan_path.c_str());
+    printf("    output_path:       %s\n", params.output_path.c_str());
+    printf("    init_img:          %s\n", params.input_path.c_str());
+    printf("    prompt:            %s\n", params.prompt.c_str());
+    printf("    negative_prompt:   %s\n", params.negative_prompt.c_str());
+    printf("    cfg_scale:         %.2f\n", params.cfg_scale);
+    printf("    clip_skip:         %d\n", params.clip_skip);
+    printf("    width:             %d\n", params.width);
+    printf("    height:            %d\n", params.height);
+    printf("    sample_method:     %s\n", sample_method_str[params.sample_method]);
+    printf("    schedule:          %s\n", schedule_str[params.schedule]);
+    printf("    sample_steps:      %d\n", params.sample_steps);
+    printf("    strength(img2img): %.2f\n", params.strength);
+    printf("    rng:               %s\n", rng_type_to_str[params.rng_type]);
+    printf("    seed:              %ld\n", params.seed);
+    printf("    batch_count:       %d\n", params.batch_count);
+    printf("    vae_tiling:        %s\n", params.vae_tiling ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+void print_usage(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
+    printf("usage: %s [arguments]\n", argv[0]);
+    printf("\n");
+    printf("arguments:\n");
+    printf("  -h, --help                         show this help message and exit\n");
+    printf("  -M, --mode [txt2img or img2img]    generation mode (default: txt2img)\n");
+    printf("  -t, --threads N                    number of threads to use during computation (default: -1).\n");
+    printf("                                     If threads <= 0, then threads will be set to the number of CPU physical cores\n");
+    printf("  -m, --model [MODEL]                path to model\n");
+    printf("  --vae [VAE]                        path to vae\n");
+    printf("  --taesd [TAESD_PATH]               path to taesd. Using Tiny AutoEncoder for fast decoding (low quality)\n");
+    printf("  --upscale-model [ESRGAN_PATH]      path to esrgan model. Upscale images after generate, just RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B supported by now.\n");
+    printf("  --type [TYPE]                      weight type (f32, f16, q4_0, q4_1, q5_0, q5_1, q8_0)\n");
+    printf("                                     If not specified, the default is the type of the weight file.\n");
+    printf("  --lora-model-dir [DIR]             lora model directory\n");
+    printf("  -i, --init-img [IMAGE]             path to the input image, required by img2img\n");
+    printf("  -o, --output OUTPUT                path to write result image to (default: ./output.png)\n");
+    printf("  -p, --prompt [PROMPT]              the prompt to render\n");
+    printf("  -n, --negative-prompt PROMPT       the negative prompt (default: \"\")\n");
+    printf("  --cfg-scale SCALE                  unconditional guidance scale: (default: 7.0)\n");
+    printf("  --strength STRENGTH                strength for noising/unnoising (default: 0.75)\n");
+    printf("                                     1.0 corresponds to full destruction of information in init image\n");
+    printf("  -H, --height H                     image height, in pixel space (default: 512)\n");
+    printf("  -W, --width W                      image width, in pixel space (default: 512)\n");
+    printf("  --sampling-method {euler, euler_a, heun, dpm2, dpm++2s_a, dpm++2m, dpm++2mv2, lcm}\n");
+    printf("                                     sampling method (default: \"euler_a\")\n");
+    printf("  --steps  STEPS                     number of sample steps (default: 20)\n");
+    printf("  --rng {std_default, cuda}          RNG (default: cuda)\n");
+    printf("  -s SEED, --seed SEED               RNG seed (default: 42, use random seed for < 0)\n");
+    printf("  -b, --batch-count COUNT            number of images to generate.\n");
+    printf("  --schedule {discrete, karras}      Denoiser sigma schedule (default: discrete)\n");
+    printf("  --clip-skip N                      ignore last layers of CLIP network; 1 ignores none, 2 ignores one layer (default: -1)\n");
+    printf("                                     <= 0 represents unspecified, will be 1 for SD1.x, 2 for SD2.x\n");
+    printf("  --vae-tiling                       process vae in tiles to reduce memory usage\n");
+    printf("  -v, --verbose                      print extra info\n");
+}
+
+void parse_args(int argc, const char** argv, SDParams& params) {
+    bool invalid_arg = false;
+    std::string arg;
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        arg = argv[i];
+
+        if (arg == "-t" || arg == "--threads") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.n_threads = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "-M" || arg == "--mode") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            const char* mode_selected = argv[i];
+            int mode_found            = -1;
+            for (int d = 0; d < MODE_COUNT; d++) {
+                if (!strcmp(mode_selected, modes_str[d])) {
+                    mode_found = d;
+                }
+            }
+            if (mode_found == -1) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid mode %s, must be one of [txt2img, img2img]\n",
+                        mode_selected);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            params.mode = (SDMode)mode_found;
+        } else if (arg == "-m" || arg == "--model") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.model_path = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--vae") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.vae_path = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--taesd") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.taesd_path = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--upscale-model") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.esrgan_path = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--type") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            std::string type = argv[i];
+            if (type == "f32") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_F32;
+            } else if (type == "f16") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_F16;
+            } else if (type == "q4_0") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_Q4_0;
+            } else if (type == "q4_1") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_Q4_1;
+            } else if (type == "q5_0") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_Q5_0;
+            } else if (type == "q5_1") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_Q5_1;
+            } else if (type == "q8_0") {
+                params.wtype = SD_TYPE_Q8_0;
+            } else {
+                fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid weight format %s, must be one of [f32, f16, q4_0, q4_1, q5_0, q5_1, q8_0]\n",
+                        type.c_str());
+                exit(1);
+            }
+        } else if (arg == "--lora-model-dir") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.lora_model_dir = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "-i" || arg == "--init-img") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.input_path = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "-o" || arg == "--output") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.output_path = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "-p" || arg == "--prompt") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.prompt = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "-n" || arg == "--negative-prompt") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.negative_prompt = argv[i];
+        } else if (arg == "--cfg-scale") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.cfg_scale = std::stof(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--strength") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.strength = std::stof(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "-H" || arg == "--height") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.height = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "-W" || arg == "--width") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.width = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--steps") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.sample_steps = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--clip-skip") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.clip_skip = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--vae-tiling") {
+            params.vae_tiling = true;
+        } else if (arg == "-b" || arg == "--batch-count") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.batch_count = std::stoi(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--rng") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            std::string rng_type_str = argv[i];
+            if (rng_type_str == "std_default") {
+                params.rng_type = STD_DEFAULT_RNG;
+            } else if (rng_type_str == "cuda") {
+                params.rng_type = CUDA_RNG;
+            } else {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        } else if (arg == "--schedule") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            const char* schedule_selected = argv[i];
+            int schedule_found            = -1;
+            for (int d = 0; d < N_SCHEDULES; d++) {
+                if (!strcmp(schedule_selected, schedule_str[d])) {
+                    schedule_found = d;
+                }
+            }
+            if (schedule_found == -1) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.schedule = (schedule_t)schedule_found;
+        } else if (arg == "-s" || arg == "--seed") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.seed = std::stoll(argv[i]);
+        } else if (arg == "--sampling-method") {
+            if (++i >= argc) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            const char* sample_method_selected = argv[i];
+            int sample_method_found            = -1;
+            for (int m = 0; m < N_SAMPLE_METHODS; m++) {
+                if (!strcmp(sample_method_selected, sample_method_str[m])) {
+                    sample_method_found = m;
+                }
+            }
+            if (sample_method_found == -1) {
+                invalid_arg = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            params.sample_method = (sample_method_t)sample_method_found;
+        } else if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
+            print_usage(argc, argv);
+            exit(0);
+        } else if (arg == "-v" || arg == "--verbose") {
+            params.verbose = true;
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "error: unknown argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
+            print_usage(argc, argv);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (invalid_arg) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid parameter for argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    if (params.n_threads <= 0) {
+        params.n_threads = get_num_physical_cores();
+    }
+
+    if (params.prompt.length() == 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: the following arguments are required: prompt\n");
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.model_path.length() == 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: the following arguments are required: model_path\n");
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.mode == IMG2IMG && params.input_path.length() == 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: when using the img2img mode, the following arguments are required: init-img\n");
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.output_path.length() == 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: the following arguments are required: output_path\n");
+        print_usage(argc, argv);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.width <= 0 || params.width % 64 != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: the width must be a multiple of 64\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.height <= 0 || params.height % 64 != 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: the height must be a multiple of 64\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.sample_steps <= 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: the sample_steps must be greater than 0\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.strength < 0.f || params.strength > 1.f) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "error: can only work with strength in [0.0, 1.0]\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (params.seed < 0) {
+        srand((int)time(NULL));
+        params.seed = rand();
+    }
+}
+
+std::string get_image_params(SDParams params, int64_t seed) {
+    std::string parameter_string = params.prompt + "\n";
+    if (params.negative_prompt.size() != 0) {
+        parameter_string += "Negative prompt: " + params.negative_prompt + "\n";
+    }
+    parameter_string += "Steps: " + std::to_string(params.sample_steps) + ", ";
+    parameter_string += "CFG scale: " + std::to_string(params.cfg_scale) + ", ";
+    parameter_string += "Seed: " + std::to_string(seed) + ", ";
+    parameter_string += "Size: " + std::to_string(params.width) + "x" + std::to_string(params.height) + ", ";
+    parameter_string += "Model: " + sd_basename(params.model_path) + ", ";
+    parameter_string += "RNG: " + std::string(rng_type_to_str[params.rng_type]) + ", ";
+    parameter_string += "Sampler: " + std::string(sample_method_str[params.sample_method]);
+    if (params.schedule == KARRAS) {
+        parameter_string += " karras";
+    }
+    parameter_string += ", ";
+    parameter_string += "Version: stable-diffusion.cpp";
+    return parameter_string;
+}
+
+void sd_log_cb(enum sd_log_level_t level, const char* log, void* data) {
+    SDParams* params = (SDParams*)data;
+    if (!params->verbose && level <= SD_LOG_DEBUG) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (level <= SD_LOG_INFO) {
+        fputs(log, stdout);
+        fflush(stdout);
+    } else {
+        fputs(log, stderr);
+        fflush(stderr);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
+    SDParams params;
+    parse_args(argc, argv, params);
+
+    sd_set_log_callback(sd_log_cb, (void*)&params);
+
+    if (params.verbose) {
+        print_params(params);
+        printf("%s", sd_get_system_info());
+    }
+
+    bool vae_decode_only        = true;
+    uint8_t* input_image_buffer = NULL;
+    if (params.mode == IMG2IMG) {
+        vae_decode_only = false;
+
+        int c              = 0;
+        input_image_buffer = stbi_load(params.input_path.c_str(), &params.width, &params.height, &c, 3);
+        if (input_image_buffer == NULL) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "load image from '%s' failed\n", params.input_path.c_str());
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (c != 3) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "input image must be a 3 channels RGB image, but got %d channels\n", c);
+            free(input_image_buffer);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (params.width <= 0 || params.width % 64 != 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "error: the width of image must be a multiple of 64\n");
+            free(input_image_buffer);
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (params.height <= 0 || params.height % 64 != 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "error: the height of image must be a multiple of 64\n");
+            free(input_image_buffer);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    sd_ctx_t* sd_ctx = new_sd_ctx(params.model_path.c_str(),
+                                  params.vae_path.c_str(),
+                                  params.taesd_path.c_str(),
+                                  params.lora_model_dir.c_str(),
+                                  vae_decode_only,
+                                  params.vae_tiling,
+                                  true,
+                                  params.n_threads,
+                                  params.wtype,
+                                  params.rng_type,
+                                  params.schedule);
+
+    if (sd_ctx == NULL) {
+        printf("new_sd_ctx_t failed\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    sd_image_t* results;
+    if (params.mode == TXT2IMG) {
+        results = txt2img(sd_ctx,
+                          params.prompt.c_str(),
+                          params.negative_prompt.c_str(),
+                          params.clip_skip,
+                          params.cfg_scale,
+                          params.width,
+                          params.height,
+                          params.sample_method,
+                          params.sample_steps,
+                          params.seed,
+                          params.batch_count);
+    } else {
+        sd_image_t input_image = {(uint32_t)params.width,
+                                  (uint32_t)params.height,
+                                  3,
+                                  input_image_buffer};
+
+        results = img2img(sd_ctx,
+                          input_image,
+                          params.prompt.c_str(),
+                          params.negative_prompt.c_str(),
+                          params.clip_skip,
+                          params.cfg_scale,
+                          params.width,
+                          params.height,
+                          params.sample_method,
+                          params.sample_steps,
+                          params.strength,
+                          params.seed,
+                          params.batch_count);
+    }
+
+    if (results == NULL) {
+        printf("generate failed\n");
+        free_sd_ctx(sd_ctx);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    int upscale_factor = 4;  // unused for RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B.pth
+    if (params.esrgan_path.size() > 0) {
+        upscaler_ctx_t* upscaler_ctx = new_upscaler_ctx(params.esrgan_path.c_str(),
+                                                        params.n_threads,
+                                                        params.wtype);
+
+        if (upscaler_ctx == NULL) {
+            printf("new_upscaler_ctx failed\n");
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < params.batch_count; i++) {
+                if (results[i].data == NULL) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                sd_image_t upscaled_image = upscale(upscaler_ctx, results[i], upscale_factor);
+                if (upscaled_image.data == NULL) {
+                    printf("upscale failed\n");
+                    continue;
+                }
+                free(results[i].data);
+                results[i] = upscaled_image;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t last            = params.output_path.find_last_of(".");
+    std::string dummy_name = last != std::string::npos ? params.output_path.substr(0, last) : params.output_path;
+    for (int i = 0; i < params.batch_count; i++) {
+        if (results[i].data == NULL) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::string final_image_path = i > 0 ? dummy_name + "_" + std::to_string(i + 1) + ".png" : dummy_name + ".png";
+        stbi_write_png(final_image_path.c_str(), results[i].width, results[i].height, results[i].channel,
+                       results[i].data, 0, get_image_params(params, params.seed + i).c_str());
+        printf("save result image to '%s'\n", final_image_path.c_str());
+        free(results[i].data);
+        results[i].data = NULL;
+    }
+    free(results);
+    free_sd_ctx(sd_ctx);
+
+    return 0;
+}

examples/main.cpp

@@ -1,473 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <random>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <unordered_set>
-
-#include "stable-diffusion.h"
-
-#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include "stb_image.h"
-
-#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#define STB_IMAGE_WRITE_STATIC
-#include "stb_image_write.h"
-
-#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
-#include <sys/sysctl.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#define TXT2IMG "txt2img"
-#define IMG2IMG "img2img"
-
-// get_num_physical_cores is copy from
-// https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/blob/master/examples/common.cpp
-// LICENSE: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/blob/master/LICENSE
-int32_t get_num_physical_cores() {
-#ifdef __linux__
-    // enumerate the set of thread siblings, num entries is num cores
-    std::unordered_set<std::string> siblings;
-    for (uint32_t cpu = 0; cpu < UINT32_MAX; ++cpu) {
-        std::ifstream thread_siblings("/sys/devices/system/cpu" + std::to_string(cpu) + "/topology/thread_siblings");
-        if (!thread_siblings.is_open()) {
-            break;  // no more cpus
-        }
-        std::string line;
-        if (std::getline(thread_siblings, line)) {
-            siblings.insert(line);
-        }
-    }
-    if (siblings.size() > 0) {
-        return static_cast<int32_t>(siblings.size());
-    }
-#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
-    int32_t num_physical_cores;
-    size_t len = sizeof(num_physical_cores);
-    int result = sysctlbyname("hw.perflevel0.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
-    if (result == 0) {
-        return num_physical_cores;
-    }
-    result = sysctlbyname("hw.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
-    if (result == 0) {
-        return num_physical_cores;
-    }
-#elif defined(_WIN32)
-    // TODO: Implement
-#endif
-    unsigned int n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
-    return n_threads > 0 ? (n_threads <= 4 ? n_threads : n_threads / 2) : 4;
-}
-
-const char* rng_type_to_str[] = {
-    "std_default",
-    "cuda",
-};
-
-// Names of the sampler method, same order as enum SampleMethod in stable-diffusion.h
-const char* sample_method_str[] = {
-    "euler_a",
-    "euler",
-    "heun",
-    "dpm2",
-    "dpm++2s_a",
-    "dpm++2m",
-    "dpm++2mv2"};
-
-// Names of the sigma schedule overrides, same order as Schedule in stable-diffusion.h
-const char* schedule_str[] = {
-    "default",
-    "discrete",
-    "karras"};
-
-struct Option {
-    int n_threads = -1;
-    std::string mode = TXT2IMG;
-    std::string model_path;
-    std::string output_path = "output.png";
-    std::string init_img;
-    std::string prompt;
-    std::string negative_prompt;
-    float cfg_scale = 7.0f;
-    int w = 512;
-    int h = 512;
-    SampleMethod sample_method = EULER_A;
-    Schedule schedule = DEFAULT;
-    int sample_steps = 20;
-    float strength = 0.75f;
-    RNGType rng_type = CUDA_RNG;
-    int64_t seed = 42;
-    bool verbose = false;
-
-    void print() {
-        printf("Option: \n");
-        printf("    n_threads:       %d\n", n_threads);
-        printf("    mode:            %s\n", mode.c_str());
-        printf("    model_path:      %s\n", model_path.c_str());
-        printf("    output_path:     %s\n", output_path.c_str());
-        printf("    init_img:        %s\n", init_img.c_str());
-        printf("    prompt:          %s\n", prompt.c_str());
-        printf("    negative_prompt: %s\n", negative_prompt.c_str());
-        printf("    cfg_scale:       %.2f\n", cfg_scale);
-        printf("    width:           %d\n", w);
-        printf("    height:          %d\n", h);
-        printf("    sample_method:   %s\n", sample_method_str[sample_method]);
-        printf("    schedule:        %s\n", schedule_str[schedule]);
-        printf("    sample_steps:    %d\n", sample_steps);
-        printf("    strength:        %.2f\n", strength);
-        printf("    rng:             %s\n", rng_type_to_str[rng_type]);
-        printf("    seed:            %ld\n", seed);
-    }
-};
-
-void print_usage(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
-    printf("usage: %s [arguments]\n", argv[0]);
-    printf("\n");
-    printf("arguments:\n");
-    printf("  -h, --help                         show this help message and exit\n");
-    printf("  -M, --mode [txt2img or img2img]    generation mode (default: txt2img)\n");
-    printf("  -t, --threads N                    number of threads to use during computation (default: -1).\n");
-    printf("                                     If threads <= 0, then threads will be set to the number of CPU physical cores\n");
-    printf("  -m, --model [MODEL]                path to model\n");
-    printf("  -i, --init-img [IMAGE]             path to the input image, required by img2img\n");
-    printf("  -o, --output OUTPUT                path to write result image to (default: .\\output.png)\n");
-    printf("  -p, --prompt [PROMPT]              the prompt to render\n");
-    printf("  -n, --negative-prompt PROMPT       the negative prompt (default: \"\")\n");
-    printf("  --cfg-scale SCALE                  unconditional guidance scale: (default: 7.0)\n");
-    printf("  --strength STRENGTH                strength for noising/unnoising (default: 0.75)\n");
-    printf("                                     1.0 corresponds to full destruction of information in init image\n");
-    printf("  -H, --height H                     image height, in pixel space (default: 512)\n");
-    printf("  -W, --width W                      image width, in pixel space (default: 512)\n");
-    printf("  --sampling-method {euler, euler_a, heun, dpm2, dpm++2s_a, dpm++2m, dpm++2mv2}\n");
-    printf("                                     sampling method (default: \"euler_a\")\n");
-    printf("  --steps  STEPS                     number of sample steps (default: 20)\n");
-    printf("  --rng {std_default, cuda}          RNG (default: cuda)\n");
-    printf("  -s SEED, --seed SEED               RNG seed (default: 42, use random seed for < 0)\n");
-    printf("  --schedule {discrete, karras}      Denoiser sigma schedule (default: discrete)\n");
-    printf("  -v, --verbose                      print extra info\n");
-}
-
-void parse_args(int argc, const char* argv[], Option* opt) {
-    bool invalid_arg = false;
-
-    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-        std::string arg = argv[i];
-
-        if (arg == "-t" || arg == "--threads") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->n_threads = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "-M" || arg == "--mode") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->mode = argv[i];
-
-        } else if (arg == "-m" || arg == "--model") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->model_path = argv[i];
-        } else if (arg == "-i" || arg == "--init-img") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->init_img = argv[i];
-        } else if (arg == "-o" || arg == "--output") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->output_path = argv[i];
-        } else if (arg == "-p" || arg == "--prompt") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->prompt = argv[i];
-        } else if (arg == "-n" || arg == "--negative-prompt") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->negative_prompt = argv[i];
-        } else if (arg == "--cfg-scale") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->cfg_scale = std::stof(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "--strength") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->strength = std::stof(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "-H" || arg == "--height") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->h = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "-W" || arg == "--width") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->w = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "--steps") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->sample_steps = std::stoi(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "--rng") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            std::string rng_type_str = argv[i];
-            if (rng_type_str == "std_default") {
-                opt->rng_type = STD_DEFAULT_RNG;
-            } else if (rng_type_str == "cuda") {
-                opt->rng_type = CUDA_RNG;
-            } else {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        } else if (arg == "--schedule") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            const char* schedule_selected = argv[i];
-            int schedule_found = -1;
-            for (int d = 0; d < N_SCHEDULES; d++) {
-                if (!strcmp(schedule_selected, schedule_str[d])) {
-                    schedule_found = d;
-                }
-            }
-            if (schedule_found == -1) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->schedule = (Schedule)schedule_found;
-        } else if (arg == "-s" || arg == "--seed") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->seed = std::stoll(argv[i]);
-        } else if (arg == "--sampling-method") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            const char* sample_method_selected = argv[i];
-            int sample_method_found = -1;
-            for (int m = 0; m < N_SAMPLE_METHODS; m++) {
-                if (!strcmp(sample_method_selected, sample_method_str[m])) {
-                    sample_method_found = m;
-                }
-            }
-            if (sample_method_found == -1) {
-                invalid_arg = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            opt->sample_method = (SampleMethod)sample_method_found;
-        } else if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
-            print_usage(argc, argv);
-            exit(0);
-        } else if (arg == "-v" || arg == "--verbose") {
-            opt->verbose = true;
-        } else {
-            fprintf(stderr, "error: unknown argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
-            print_usage(argc, argv);
-            exit(1);
-        }
-        if (invalid_arg) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid parameter for argument: %s\n", arg.c_str());
-            print_usage(argc, argv);
-            exit(1);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (opt->n_threads <= 0) {
-        opt->n_threads = get_num_physical_cores();
-    }
-
-    if (opt->mode != TXT2IMG && opt->mode != IMG2IMG) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: invalid mode %s, must be one of ['%s', '%s']\n",
-                opt->mode.c_str(), TXT2IMG, IMG2IMG);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->prompt.length() == 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: the following arguments are required: prompt\n");
-        print_usage(argc, argv);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->model_path.length() == 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: the following arguments are required: model_path\n");
-        print_usage(argc, argv);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->mode == IMG2IMG && opt->init_img.length() == 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: when using the img2img mode, the following arguments are required: init-img\n");
-        print_usage(argc, argv);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->output_path.length() == 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: the following arguments are required: output_path\n");
-        print_usage(argc, argv);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->w <= 0 || opt->w % 64 != 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: the width must be a multiple of 64\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->h <= 0 || opt->h % 64 != 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: the height must be a multiple of 64\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->sample_steps <= 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: the sample_steps must be greater than 0\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->strength < 0.f || opt->strength > 1.f) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "error: can only work with strength in [0.0, 1.0]\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (opt->seed < 0) {
-        srand((int)time(NULL));
-        opt->seed = rand();
-    }
-}
-
-std::string basename(const std::string& path) {
-    size_t pos = path.find_last_of('/');
-    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-        return path.substr(pos + 1);
-    }
-    pos = path.find_last_of('\\');
-    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-        return path.substr(pos + 1);
-    }
-    return path;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
-    Option opt;
-    parse_args(argc, argv, &opt);
-
-    if (opt.verbose) {
-        opt.print();
-        printf("%s", sd_get_system_info().c_str());
-        set_sd_log_level(SDLogLevel::DEBUG);
-    }
-
-    bool vae_decode_only = true;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> init_img;
-    if (opt.mode == IMG2IMG) {
-        vae_decode_only = false;
-
-        int c = 0;
-        unsigned char* img_data = stbi_load(opt.init_img.c_str(), &opt.w, &opt.h, &c, 3);
-        if (img_data == NULL) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "load image from '%s' failed\n", opt.init_img.c_str());
-            return 1;
-        }
-        if (c != 3) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "input image must be a 3 channels RGB image, but got %d channels\n", c);
-            free(img_data);
-            return 1;
-        }
-        if (opt.w <= 0 || opt.w % 64 != 0) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "error: the width of image must be a multiple of 64\n");
-            free(img_data);
-            return 1;
-        }
-        if (opt.h <= 0 || opt.h % 64 != 0) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "error: the height of image must be a multiple of 64\n");
-            free(img_data);
-            return 1;
-        }
-        init_img.assign(img_data, img_data + (opt.w * opt.h * c));
-    }
-
-    StableDiffusion sd(opt.n_threads, vae_decode_only, true, opt.rng_type);
-    if (!sd.load_from_file(opt.model_path, opt.schedule)) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> img;
-    if (opt.mode == TXT2IMG) {
-        img = sd.txt2img(opt.prompt,
-                         opt.negative_prompt,
-                         opt.cfg_scale,
-                         opt.w,
-                         opt.h,
-                         opt.sample_method,
-                         opt.sample_steps,
-                         opt.seed);
-    } else {
-        img = sd.img2img(init_img,
-                         opt.prompt,
-                         opt.negative_prompt,
-                         opt.cfg_scale,
-                         opt.w,
-                         opt.h,
-                         opt.sample_method,
-                         opt.sample_steps,
-                         opt.strength,
-                         opt.seed);
-    }
-
-    if (img.size() == 0) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "generate failed\n");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    std::string parameter_string = opt.prompt + "\n";
-    if (opt.negative_prompt.size() != 0) {
-        parameter_string += "Negative prompt: " + opt.negative_prompt + "\n";
-    }
-    parameter_string += "Steps: " + std::to_string(opt.sample_steps) + ", ";
-    parameter_string += "CFG scale: " + std::to_string(opt.cfg_scale) + ", ";
-    parameter_string += "Seed: " + std::to_string(opt.seed) + ", ";
-    parameter_string += "Size: " + std::to_string(opt.w) + "x" + std::to_string(opt.h) + ", ";
-    parameter_string += "Model: " + basename(opt.model_path) + ", ";
-    parameter_string += "RNG: " + std::string(rng_type_to_str[opt.rng_type]) + ", ";
-    parameter_string += "Sampler: " + std::string(sample_method_str[opt.sample_method]);
-    if (opt.schedule == KARRAS) {
-        parameter_string += " karras";
-    }
-    parameter_string += ", ";
-    parameter_string += "Version: stable-diffusion.cpp";
-
-    stbi_write_png(opt.output_path.c_str(), opt.w, opt.h, 3, img.data(), 0, parameter_string.c_str());
-    printf("save result image to '%s'\n", opt.output_path.c_str());
-
-    return 0;
-}

format-code.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+clang-format -style=file -i *.cpp *.h *.hpp
+clang-format -style=file -i examples/cli/*.cpp

ggml_extend.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+#ifndef __GGML_EXTEND_HPP__
+#define __GGML_EXTEND_HPP__
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <map>
+#include <random>
+#include <regex>
+#include <set>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ggml/ggml-alloc.h"
+#include "ggml/ggml-backend.h"
+#include "ggml/ggml.h"
+
+#ifdef SD_USE_CUBLAS
+#include "ggml-cuda.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SD_USE_METAL
+#include "ggml-metal.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "rng.hpp"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#define EPS 1e-05f
+
+#ifndef __STATIC_INLINE__
+#define __STATIC_INLINE__ static inline
+#endif
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_log_callback_default(ggml_log_level level, const char* text, void* user_data) {
+    (void)level;
+    (void)user_data;
+    fputs(text, stderr);
+    fflush(stderr);
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_set_f32_randn(struct ggml_tensor* tensor, std::shared_ptr<RNG> rng) {
+    uint32_t n                        = (uint32_t)ggml_nelements(tensor);
+    std::vector<float> random_numbers = rng->randn(n);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        ggml_set_f32_1d(tensor, i, random_numbers[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+// set tensor[i, j, k, l]
+// set tensor[l]
+// set tensor[k, l]
+// set tensor[j, k, l]
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_set_f32(struct ggml_tensor* tensor, float value, int l, int k = 0, int j = 0, int i = 0) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->nb[0] == sizeof(float));
+    *(float*)((char*)(tensor->data) + i * tensor->nb[3] + j * tensor->nb[2] + k * tensor->nb[1] + l * tensor->nb[0]) = value;
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ float ggml_tensor_get_f32(const ggml_tensor* tensor, int l, int k = 0, int j = 0, int i = 0) {
+    // float value;
+    // ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, &value, i * tensor->nb[3] + j * tensor->nb[2] + k * tensor->nb[1] + l * tensor->nb[0], sizeof(float));
+    // return value;
+    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->nb[0] == sizeof(float));
+    return *(float*)((char*)(tensor->data) + i * tensor->nb[3] + j * tensor->nb[2] + k * tensor->nb[1] + l * tensor->nb[0]);
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ ggml_fp16_t ggml_tensor_get_f16(const ggml_tensor* tensor, int l, int k = 0, int j = 0, int i = 0) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->nb[0] == sizeof(ggml_fp16_t));
+    return *(ggml_fp16_t*)((char*)(tensor->data) + i * tensor->nb[3] + j * tensor->nb[2] + k * tensor->nb[1] + l * tensor->nb[0]);
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void print_ggml_tensor(struct ggml_tensor* tensor, bool shape_only = false) {
+    printf("shape(%zu, %zu, %zu, %zu)\n", tensor->ne[0], tensor->ne[1], tensor->ne[2], tensor->ne[3]);
+    fflush(stdout);
+    if (shape_only) {
+        return;
+    }
+    int range = 3;
+    for (int i = 0; i < tensor->ne[3]; i++) {
+        if (i >= range && i + range < tensor->ne[3]) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < tensor->ne[2]; j++) {
+            if (j >= range && j + range < tensor->ne[2]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (int k = 0; k < tensor->ne[1]; k++) {
+                if (k >= range && k + range < tensor->ne[1]) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (int l = 0; l < tensor->ne[0]; l++) {
+                    if (l >= range && l + range < tensor->ne[0]) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+                        printf("  [%d, %d, %d, %d] = %f\n", i, j, k, l, ggml_tensor_get_f32(tensor, l, k, j, i));
+                    } else if (tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F16) {
+                        printf("  [%d, %d, %d, %d] = %i\n", i, j, k, l, ggml_tensor_get_f16(tensor, l, k, j, i));
+                    }
+                    fflush(stdout);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ ggml_tensor* load_tensor_from_file(ggml_context* ctx, const std::string& file_path) {
+    std::ifstream file(file_path, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!file.is_open()) {
+        LOG_ERROR("failed to open '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    int32_t n_dims;
+    int32_t length;
+    int32_t ttype;
+
+    file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&n_dims), sizeof(n_dims));
+    file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&length), sizeof(length));
+    file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ttype), sizeof(ttype));
+
+    if (file.eof()) {
+        LOG_ERROR("incomplete file '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    int32_t nelements = 1;
+    int32_t ne[4]     = {1, 1, 1, 1};
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; ++i) {
+        file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ne[i]), sizeof(ne[i]));
+        nelements *= ne[i];
+    }
+    std::string name(length, 0);
+    file.read(&name[0], length);
+    ggml_tensor* tensor = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, (ggml_type)ttype, ne[0], ne[1], ne[2], ne[3]);
+    const size_t bpe    = ggml_type_size(ggml_type(ttype));
+    file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(tensor->data), ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+    return tensor;
+}
+
+// __STATIC_INLINE__ void save_tensor_to_file(const std::string& file_name, ggml_tensor* tensor, const std::string & name) {
+//     std::string file_name_ = file_name + ".tensor";
+//     std::string name_ = name;
+//     std::ofstream file("./" + file_name_, std::ios::binary);
+//     file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tensor->n_dims), sizeof(tensor->n_dims));
+//     int len = (int)name_.size();
+//     file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&len), sizeof(len));
+//     int ttype = (int)tensor->type;
+//     file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ttype), sizeof(ttype));
+//     for (int i = 0; i < tensor->n_dims; ++i) {
+//         int ne_ = (int) tensor->ne[i];
+//         file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&ne_), sizeof(ne_));
+//     }
+//     file.write(&name_[0], len);
+//     char* data = nullptr;
+//     file.write((char*)tensor->data, ggml_nbytes(tensor));
+//     file.close();
+// }
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void copy_ggml_tensor(struct ggml_tensor* dst, struct ggml_tensor* src) {
+    if (dst->type == src->type) {
+        dst->nb[0] = src->nb[0];
+        dst->nb[1] = src->nb[1];
+        dst->nb[2] = src->nb[2];
+        dst->nb[3] = src->nb[3];
+
+        memcpy(((char*)dst->data), ((char*)src->data), ggml_nbytes(dst));
+        return;
+    }
+    struct ggml_init_params params;
+    params.mem_size          = 10 * 1024 * 1024;  // for padding
+    params.mem_buffer        = NULL;
+    params.no_alloc          = false;
+    struct ggml_context* ctx = ggml_init(params);
+    if (!ctx) {
+        LOG_ERROR("ggml_init() failed");
+        return;
+    }
+    ggml_tensor* final = ggml_cpy_inplace(ctx, src, dst);
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph* graph = ggml_new_graph(ctx);
+    ggml_build_forward_expand(graph, final);
+    ggml_graph_compute_with_ctx(ctx, graph, 1);
+    ggml_free(ctx);
+}
+
+// SPECIAL OPERATIONS WITH TENSORS
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ uint8_t* sd_tensor_to_image(struct ggml_tensor* input) {
+    int64_t width    = input->ne[0];
+    int64_t height   = input->ne[1];
+    int64_t channels = input->ne[2];
+    GGML_ASSERT(channels == 3 && input->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    uint8_t* image_data = (uint8_t*)malloc(width * height * channels);
+    for (int iy = 0; iy < height; iy++) {
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < width; ix++) {
+            for (int k = 0; k < channels; k++) {
+                float value                                               = ggml_tensor_get_f32(input, ix, iy, k);
+                *(image_data + iy * width * channels + ix * channels + k) = (uint8_t)(value * 255.0f);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return image_data;
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void sd_image_to_tensor(const uint8_t* image_data,
+                                          struct ggml_tensor* output) {
+    int64_t width    = output->ne[0];
+    int64_t height   = output->ne[1];
+    int64_t channels = output->ne[2];
+    GGML_ASSERT(channels == 3 && output->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    for (int iy = 0; iy < height; iy++) {
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < width; ix++) {
+            for (int k = 0; k < channels; k++) {
+                float value = *(image_data + iy * width * channels + ix * channels + k);
+                ggml_tensor_set_f32(output, value / 255.0f, ix, iy, k);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_split_tensor_2d(struct ggml_tensor* input,
+                                            struct ggml_tensor* output,
+                                            int x,
+                                            int y) {
+    int64_t width    = output->ne[0];
+    int64_t height   = output->ne[1];
+    int64_t channels = output->ne[2];
+    GGML_ASSERT(input->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && output->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    for (int iy = 0; iy < height; iy++) {
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < width; ix++) {
+            for (int k = 0; k < channels; k++) {
+                float value = ggml_tensor_get_f32(input, ix + x, iy + y, k);
+                ggml_tensor_set_f32(output, value, ix, iy, k);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_merge_tensor_2d(struct ggml_tensor* input,
+                                            struct ggml_tensor* output,
+                                            int x,
+                                            int y,
+                                            int overlap) {
+    int64_t width    = input->ne[0];
+    int64_t height   = input->ne[1];
+    int64_t channels = input->ne[2];
+    GGML_ASSERT(input->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && output->type == GGML_TYPE_F32);
+    for (int iy = 0; iy < height; iy++) {
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < width; ix++) {
+            for (int k = 0; k < channels; k++) {
+                float new_value = ggml_tensor_get_f32(input, ix, iy, k);
+                if (overlap > 0) {  // blend colors in overlapped area
+                    float old_value = ggml_tensor_get_f32(output, x + ix, y + iy, k);
+                    if (x > 0 && ix < overlap) {  // in overlapped horizontal
+                        ggml_tensor_set_f32(output, old_value + (new_value - old_value) * (ix / (1.0f * overlap)), x + ix, y + iy, k);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (y > 0 && iy < overlap) {  // in overlapped vertical
+                        ggml_tensor_set_f32(output, old_value + (new_value - old_value) * (iy / (1.0f * overlap)), x + ix, y + iy, k);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                ggml_tensor_set_f32(output, new_value, x + ix, y + iy, k);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ float ggml_tensor_mean(struct ggml_tensor* src) {
+    float mean        = 0.0f;
+    int64_t nelements = ggml_nelements(src);
+    float* data       = (float*)src->data;
+    for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
+        mean += data[i] / nelements * 1.0f;
+    }
+    return mean;
+}
+
+// a = a+b
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_add(struct ggml_tensor* a, struct ggml_tensor* b) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_nelements(a) == ggml_nelements(b));
+    int64_t nelements = ggml_nelements(a);
+    float* vec_a      = (float*)a->data;
+    float* vec_b      = (float*)b->data;
+    for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
+        vec_a[i] = vec_a[i] + vec_b[i];
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_scale(struct ggml_tensor* src, float scale) {
+    int64_t nelements = ggml_nelements(src);
+    float* data       = (float*)src->data;
+    for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
+        data[i] = data[i] * scale;
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_clamp(struct ggml_tensor* src, float min, float max) {
+    int64_t nelements = ggml_nelements(src);
+    float* data       = (float*)src->data;
+    for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
+        float val = data[i];
+        data[i]   = val < min ? min : (val > max ? max : val);
+    }
+}
+
+// convert values from [0, 1] to [-1, 1]
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_scale_input(struct ggml_tensor* src) {
+    int64_t nelements = ggml_nelements(src);
+    float* data       = (float*)src->data;
+    for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
+        float val = data[i];
+        data[i]   = val * 2.0f - 1.0f;
+    }
+}
+
+// convert values from [-1, 1] to [0, 1]
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_tensor_scale_output(struct ggml_tensor* src) {
+    int64_t nelements = ggml_nelements(src);
+    float* data       = (float*)src->data;
+    for (int i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
+        float val = data[i];
+        data[i]   = (val + 1.0f) * 0.5f;
+    }
+}
+
+typedef std::function<void(ggml_tensor*, ggml_tensor*, bool)> on_tile_process;
+
+// Tiling
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void sd_tiling(ggml_tensor* input, ggml_tensor* output, const int scale, const int tile_size, const float tile_overlap_factor, on_tile_process on_processing) {
+    int input_width   = (int)input->ne[0];
+    int input_height  = (int)input->ne[1];
+    int output_width  = (int)output->ne[0];
+    int output_height = (int)output->ne[1];
+    GGML_ASSERT(input_width % 2 == 0 && input_height % 2 == 0 && output_width % 2 == 0 && output_height % 2 == 0);  // should be multiple of 2
+
+    int tile_overlap     = (int32_t)(tile_size * tile_overlap_factor);
+    int non_tile_overlap = tile_size - tile_overlap;
+
+    struct ggml_init_params params = {};
+    params.mem_size += tile_size * tile_size * input->ne[2] * sizeof(float);                       // input chunk
+    params.mem_size += (tile_size * scale) * (tile_size * scale) * output->ne[2] * sizeof(float);  // output chunk
+    params.mem_size += 3 * ggml_tensor_overhead();
+    params.mem_buffer = NULL;
+    params.no_alloc   = false;
+
+    LOG_DEBUG("tile work buffer size: %.2f MB", params.mem_size / 1024.f / 1024.f);
+
+    // draft context
+    struct ggml_context* tiles_ctx = ggml_init(params);
+    if (!tiles_ctx) {
+        LOG_ERROR("ggml_init() failed");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // tiling
+    ggml_tensor* input_tile  = ggml_new_tensor_4d(tiles_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, tile_size, tile_size, input->ne[2], 1);
+    ggml_tensor* output_tile = ggml_new_tensor_4d(tiles_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, tile_size * scale, tile_size * scale, output->ne[2], 1);
+    on_processing(input_tile, NULL, true);
+    int num_tiles = (input_width * input_height) / (non_tile_overlap * non_tile_overlap);
+    LOG_INFO("processing %i tiles", num_tiles);
+    pretty_progress(1, num_tiles, 0.0f);
+    int tile_count = 1;
+    bool last_y = false, last_x = false;
+    float last_time = 0.0f;
+    for (int y = 0; y < input_height && !last_y; y += non_tile_overlap) {
+        if (y + tile_size >= input_height) {
+            y      = input_height - tile_size;
+            last_y = true;
+        }
+        for (int x = 0; x < input_width && !last_x; x += non_tile_overlap) {
+            if (x + tile_size >= input_width) {
+                x      = input_width - tile_size;
+                last_x = true;
+            }
+            int64_t t1 = ggml_time_ms();
+            ggml_split_tensor_2d(input, input_tile, x, y);
+            on_processing(input_tile, output_tile, false);
+            ggml_merge_tensor_2d(output_tile, output, x * scale, y * scale, tile_overlap * scale);
+            int64_t t2 = ggml_time_ms();
+            last_time  = (t2 - t1) / 1000.0f;
+            pretty_progress(tile_count, num_tiles, last_time);
+            tile_count++;
+        }
+        last_x = false;
+    }
+    if (tile_count < num_tiles) {
+        pretty_progress(num_tiles, num_tiles, last_time);
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ struct ggml_tensor* ggml_group_norm_32(struct ggml_context* ctx,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* a) {
+    return ggml_group_norm(ctx, a, 32);
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ struct ggml_tensor* ggml_nn_linear(struct ggml_context* ctx,
+                                                     struct ggml_tensor* x,
+                                                     struct ggml_tensor* w,
+                                                     struct ggml_tensor* b) {
+    x = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, w, x);
+    x = ggml_add(ctx, x, b);
+    return x;
+}
+
+// w: [OC，IC, KH, KW]
+// x: [N, IC, IH, IW]
+// b: [OC,]
+// result: [N, OC, OH, OW]
+__STATIC_INLINE__ struct ggml_tensor* ggml_nn_conv_2d(struct ggml_context* ctx,
+                                                      struct ggml_tensor* x,
+                                                      struct ggml_tensor* w,
+                                                      struct ggml_tensor* b,
+                                                      int s0 = 1,
+                                                      int s1 = 1,
+                                                      int p0 = 0,
+                                                      int p1 = 0,
+                                                      int d0 = 1,
+                                                      int d1 = 1) {
+    x = ggml_conv_2d(ctx, w, x, s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1);
+    if (b != NULL) {
+        b = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, b, 1, 1, b->ne[0], 1);
+        x = ggml_add(ctx, x, b);
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ struct ggml_tensor* ggml_nn_layer_norm(struct ggml_context* ctx,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* x,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* w,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* b,
+                                                         float eps = EPS) {
+    x = ggml_norm(ctx, x, eps);
+    x = ggml_mul(ctx, x, w);
+    x = ggml_add(ctx, x, b);
+    return x;
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ struct ggml_tensor* ggml_nn_group_norm(struct ggml_context* ctx,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* x,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* w,
+                                                         struct ggml_tensor* b,
+                                                         int num_groups = 32) {
+    if (x->n_dims == 4) {
+        w = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, w, 1, 1, w->ne[0], 1);
+        b = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, b, 1, 1, b->ne[0], 1);
+    }
+
+    x = ggml_group_norm(ctx, x, num_groups);
+    x = ggml_mul(ctx, x, w);
+    x = ggml_add(ctx, x, b);
+    return x;
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void ggml_backend_tensor_get_and_sync(ggml_backend_t backend, const struct ggml_tensor* tensor, void* data, size_t offset, size_t size) {
+#ifdef SD_USE_CUBLAS
+    ggml_backend_tensor_get_async(backend, tensor, data, offset, size);
+    ggml_backend_synchronize(backend);
+#else
+    ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, data, offset, size);
+#endif
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ float ggml_backend_tensor_get_f32(ggml_tensor* tensor) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 || tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F16);
+    float value;
+    if (tensor->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, &value, 0, sizeof(value));
+    } else {  // GGML_TYPE_F16
+        ggml_fp16_t f16_value;
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(tensor, &f16_value, 0, sizeof(f16_value));
+        value = ggml_fp16_to_fp32(f16_value);
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+
+// Ref: https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion/blob/main/ldm/modules/diffusionmodules/util.py#L151
+__STATIC_INLINE__ void set_timestep_embedding(struct ggml_tensor* timesteps, struct ggml_tensor* embedding, int dim, int max_period = 10000) {
+    // timesteps: [N,]
+    // embedding: [dim, N]
+    int half = dim / 2;
+    std::vector<float> freqs(half);
+    for (int i = 0; i < half; ++i) {
+        freqs[i] = (float)std::exp(-std::log(max_period) * i / half);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < timesteps->ne[0]; ++i) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < half; ++j) {
+            float arg = ggml_get_f32_1d(timesteps, i) * freqs[j];
+            ggml_tensor_set_f32(embedding, std::cos(arg), j, i);
+            ggml_tensor_set_f32(embedding, std::sin(arg), j + half, i);
+        }
+        if (dim % 2 != 0) {
+            *(float*)((char*)embedding->data + i * embedding->nb[1] + dim * embedding->nb[0]) = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+__STATIC_INLINE__ struct ggml_tensor* new_timestep_embedding(struct ggml_context* ctx,
+                                                             struct ggml_allocr* allocr,
+                                                             struct ggml_tensor* timesteps,
+                                                             int dim,
+                                                             int max_period = 10000) {
+    // timesteps: [N,]
+    // embedding: [dim, N]
+    int acutual_dim = dim;
+    if (dim % 2 != 0) {
+        acutual_dim = dim + 1;
+    }
+    struct ggml_tensor* embedding = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, acutual_dim, timesteps->ne[0]);
+    if (allocr != NULL) {
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(allocr, embedding);
+    }
+    if (allocr != NULL && !ggml_allocr_is_measure(allocr)) {
+        set_timestep_embedding(timesteps, embedding, dim, max_period);
+    }
+    return embedding;
+}
+
+struct GGMLModule {
+    typedef std::function<struct ggml_cgraph*()> get_graph_cb_t;
+
+    std::string name                     = "ggml module";
+    struct ggml_context* params_ctx      = NULL;
+    size_t params_buffer_size            = 0;
+    size_t compute_buffer_size           = 0;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t params_buffer  = NULL;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t compute_buffer = NULL;  // for compute
+    struct ggml_allocr* compute_allocr   = NULL;
+
+    ggml_type wtype        = GGML_TYPE_F32;
+    ggml_backend_t backend = NULL;
+
+    virtual size_t calculate_mem_size() = 0;
+    virtual size_t get_num_tensors()    = 0;
+
+    bool alloc_params_buffer(ggml_backend_t backend_, ggml_type wtype_ = GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+        backend            = backend_;
+        wtype              = wtype_;
+        params_buffer_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024;  // 10 MB, for padding
+        params_buffer_size += calculate_mem_size();
+        size_t num_tensors = get_num_tensors();
+
+        LOG_DEBUG("%s params backend buffer size = % 6.2f MB (%i tensors)",
+                  name.c_str(), params_buffer_size / (1024.0 * 1024.0), num_tensors);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params;
+        params.mem_size   = static_cast<size_t>(num_tensors * ggml_tensor_overhead()) + 1 * 1024 * 1024;
+        params.mem_buffer = NULL;
+        params.no_alloc   = true;
+        // LOG_DEBUG("mem_size %u ", params.mem_size);
+
+        params_ctx = ggml_init(params);
+        if (!params_ctx) {
+            LOG_ERROR("ggml_init() failed");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        params_buffer = ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(backend, params_buffer_size);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void free_params_buffer() {
+        if (params_ctx != NULL) {
+            ggml_free(params_ctx);
+            params_ctx = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (params_buffer != NULL) {
+            ggml_backend_buffer_free(params_buffer);
+            params_buffer = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ~GGMLModule() {
+        free_params_buffer();
+    }
+
+    void alloc_compute_buffer(get_graph_cb_t get_graph) {
+        if (compute_buffer_size == 0) {
+            // alignment required by the backend
+            compute_allocr = ggml_allocr_new_measure_from_backend(backend);
+
+            struct ggml_cgraph* gf = get_graph();
+
+            // compute the required memory
+            compute_buffer_size = ggml_allocr_alloc_graph(compute_allocr, gf) + 1024 * 1024;
+
+            // recreate the allocator with the required memory
+            ggml_allocr_free(compute_allocr);
+
+            LOG_DEBUG("%s compute buffer size: %.2f MB", name.c_str(), compute_buffer_size / 1024.0 / 1024.0);
+        }
+
+        compute_buffer = ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(backend, compute_buffer_size);
+        compute_allocr = ggml_allocr_new_from_buffer(compute_buffer);
+    }
+
+    void compute(get_graph_cb_t get_graph, int n_threads, struct ggml_tensor* output = NULL) {
+        ggml_allocr_reset(compute_allocr);
+
+        struct ggml_cgraph* gf = get_graph();
+
+        ggml_allocr_alloc_graph(compute_allocr, gf);
+
+        if (ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)) {
+            ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(backend, n_threads);
+        }
+
+#ifdef SD_USE_METAL
+        if (ggml_backend_is_metal(backend)) {
+            ggml_backend_metal_set_n_cb(backend, n_threads);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        ggml_backend_graph_compute(backend, gf);
+
+#ifdef GGML_PERF
+        ggml_graph_print(gf);
+#endif
+
+        if (output != NULL) {
+            ggml_backend_tensor_get_and_sync(backend, gf->nodes[gf->n_nodes - 1], output->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(output));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void free_compute_buffer() {
+        ggml_allocr_free(compute_allocr);
+        ggml_backend_buffer_free(compute_buffer);
+        compute_allocr      = NULL;
+        compute_buffer_size = 0;
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __GGML_EXTEND__HPP__

lora.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#ifndef __LORA_HPP__
+#define __LORA_HPP__
+
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+
+#define LORA_GRAPH_SIZE 10240
+
+struct LoraModel : public GGMLModule {
+    float multiplier = 1.0f;
+    std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*> lora_tensors;
+    std::string file_path;
+    ModelLoader model_loader;
+    bool load_failed = false;
+
+    LoraModel(const std::string file_path = "")
+        : file_path(file_path) {
+        name = "lora";
+        if (!model_loader.init_from_file(file_path)) {
+            load_failed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        return LORA_GRAPH_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        return model_loader.cal_mem_size(NULL);
+    }
+
+    bool load_from_file(ggml_backend_t backend) {
+        if (!alloc_params_buffer(backend)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG_INFO("loading LoRA from '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+
+        if (load_failed) {
+            LOG_ERROR("init lora model loader from file failed: '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ggml_allocr* alloc = ggml_allocr_new_from_buffer(params_buffer);
+
+        auto on_new_tensor_cb = [&](const TensorStorage& tensor_storage, ggml_tensor** dst_tensor) -> bool {
+            const std::string& name = tensor_storage.name;
+
+            struct ggml_tensor* real = ggml_new_tensor(params_ctx, tensor_storage.type, tensor_storage.n_dims, tensor_storage.ne);
+            ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, real);
+
+            *dst_tensor = real;
+
+            lora_tensors[name] = real;
+            return true;
+        };
+
+        model_loader.load_tensors(on_new_tensor_cb, backend);
+
+        LOG_DEBUG("finished loaded lora");
+        ggml_allocr_free(alloc);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph* build_graph(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*> model_tensors) {
+        // make a graph to compute all lora, expected lora and models tensors are in the same backend
+        // since we are using ggml-alloc, this buffer only needs enough space to hold the ggml_tensor and ggml_cgraph structs, but not the tensor data
+        static size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead() * LORA_GRAPH_SIZE + ggml_graph_overhead();
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> buf(buf_size);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params = {
+            /*.mem_size   =*/buf_size,
+            /*.mem_buffer =*/buf.data(),
+            /*.no_alloc   =*/true,  // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_allocr_alloc_graph()
+        };
+        // LOG_DEBUG("mem_size %u ", params.mem_size);
+
+        struct ggml_context* ctx0 = ggml_init(params);
+        struct ggml_cgraph* gf    = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx0, LORA_GRAPH_SIZE, false);
+
+        std::set<std::string> applied_lora_tensors;
+        for (auto it : model_tensors) {
+            std::string k_tensor       = it.first;
+            struct ggml_tensor* weight = model_tensors[it.first];
+
+            size_t k_pos = k_tensor.find(".weight");
+            if (k_pos == std::string::npos) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            k_tensor = k_tensor.substr(0, k_pos);
+            replace_all_chars(k_tensor, '.', '_');
+            std::string lora_up_name   = "lora." + k_tensor + ".lora_up.weight";
+            std::string lora_down_name = "lora." + k_tensor + ".lora_down.weight";
+            std::string alpha_name     = "lora." + k_tensor + ".alpha";
+            std::string scale_name     = "lora." + k_tensor + ".scale";
+
+            ggml_tensor* lora_up   = NULL;
+            ggml_tensor* lora_down = NULL;
+
+            if (lora_tensors.find(lora_up_name) != lora_tensors.end()) {
+                lora_up = lora_tensors[lora_up_name];
+            }
+
+            if (lora_tensors.find(lora_down_name) != lora_tensors.end()) {
+                lora_down = lora_tensors[lora_down_name];
+            }
+
+            if (lora_up == NULL || lora_down == NULL) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            applied_lora_tensors.insert(lora_up_name);
+            applied_lora_tensors.insert(lora_down_name);
+            applied_lora_tensors.insert(alpha_name);
+            applied_lora_tensors.insert(scale_name);
+
+            // calc_cale
+            int64_t dim       = lora_down->ne[lora_down->n_dims - 1];
+            float scale_value = 1.0f;
+            if (lora_tensors.find(scale_name) != lora_tensors.end()) {
+                scale_value = ggml_backend_tensor_get_f32(lora_tensors[scale_name]);
+            } else if (lora_tensors.find(alpha_name) != lora_tensors.end()) {
+                float alpha = ggml_backend_tensor_get_f32(lora_tensors[alpha_name]);
+                scale_value = alpha / dim;
+            }
+            scale_value *= multiplier;
+
+            ggml_tensor* lora_scale = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+
+            ggml_allocr_alloc(compute_allocr, lora_scale);
+            if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(compute_allocr)) {
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(lora_scale, &scale_value, 0, ggml_nbytes(lora_scale));
+            }
+
+            // flat lora tensors to multiply it
+            int64_t lora_up_rows   = lora_up->ne[lora_up->n_dims - 1];
+            lora_up                = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, lora_up, ggml_nelements(lora_up) / lora_up_rows, lora_up_rows);
+            int64_t lora_down_rows = lora_down->ne[lora_down->n_dims - 1];
+            lora_down              = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, lora_down, ggml_nelements(lora_down) / lora_down_rows, lora_down_rows);
+
+            // ggml_mul_mat requires tensor b transposed
+            lora_down                  = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, lora_down));
+            struct ggml_tensor* updown = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, lora_up, lora_down);
+            updown                     = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, updown));
+            updown                     = ggml_reshape(ctx0, updown, weight);
+            GGML_ASSERT(ggml_nelements(updown) == ggml_nelements(weight));
+            updown = ggml_scale_inplace(ctx0, updown, lora_scale);
+            ggml_tensor* final_weight;
+            // if (weight->type != GGML_TYPE_F32 && weight->type != GGML_TYPE_F16) {
+            //     final_weight = ggml_new_tensor(ctx0, GGML_TYPE_F32, weight->n_dims, weight->ne);
+            //     final_weight = ggml_cpy_inplace(ctx0, weight, final_weight);
+            //     final_weight = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, final_weight, updown);
+            //     final_weight = ggml_cpy_inplace(ctx0, final_weight, weight);
+            // } else {
+            //     final_weight = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, weight, updown);
+            // }
+            final_weight = ggml_add_inplace(ctx0, weight, updown);  // apply directly
+            ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, final_weight);
+        }
+
+        for (auto& kv : lora_tensors) {
+            if (applied_lora_tensors.find(kv.first) == applied_lora_tensors.end()) {
+                LOG_WARN("unused lora tensor %s", kv.first.c_str());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return gf;
+    }
+
+    void alloc_compute_buffer(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*> model_tensors) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(model_tensors);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::alloc_compute_buffer(get_graph);
+    }
+
+    void apply(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*> model_tensors, int n_threads) {
+        alloc_compute_buffer(model_tensors);
+
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(model_tensors);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::compute(get_graph, n_threads);
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __LORA_HPP__

model.h

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#ifndef __MODEL_H__
+#define __MODEL_H__
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <set>
+
+#include "ggml/ggml-backend.h"
+#include "ggml/ggml.h"
+#include "json.hpp"
+#include "zip.h"
+
+enum SDVersion {
+    VERSION_1_x,
+    VERSION_2_x,
+    VERSION_XL,
+    VERSION_COUNT,
+};
+
+struct TensorStorage {
+    std::string name;
+    ggml_type type = GGML_TYPE_F32;
+    bool is_bf16   = false;
+    int64_t ne[4]  = {1, 1, 1, 1};
+    int n_dims     = 0;
+
+    size_t file_index = 0;
+    int index_in_zip  = -1;  // >= means stored in a zip file
+    size_t offset     = 0;   // offset in file
+
+    TensorStorage() = default;
+
+    TensorStorage(const std::string& name, ggml_type type, int64_t* ne, int n_dims, size_t file_index, size_t offset = 0)
+        : name(name), type(type), n_dims(n_dims), file_index(file_index), offset(offset) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++) {
+            this->ne[i] = ne[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    int64_t nelements() const {
+        return ne[0] * ne[1] * ne[2] * ne[3];
+    }
+
+    int64_t nbytes() const {
+        return nelements() * ggml_type_size(type) / ggml_blck_size(type);
+    }
+
+    int64_t nbytes_to_read() const {
+        if (is_bf16) {
+            return nbytes() / 2;
+        } else {
+            return nbytes();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void unsqueeze() {
+        if (n_dims == 2) {
+            n_dims = 4;
+            ne[3]  = ne[1];
+            ne[2]  = ne[0];
+            ne[1]  = 1;
+            ne[0]  = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<TensorStorage> chunk(size_t n) {
+        std::vector<TensorStorage> chunks;
+        size_t chunk_size = nbytes_to_read() / n;
+        reverse_ne();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            TensorStorage chunk_i = *this;
+            chunk_i.ne[0]         = ne[0] / n;
+            chunk_i.offset        = offset + i * chunk_size;
+            chunk_i.reverse_ne();
+            chunks.push_back(chunk_i);
+        }
+        reverse_ne();
+        return chunks;
+    }
+
+    void reverse_ne() {
+        int64_t new_ne[4] = {1, 1, 1, 1};
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++) {
+            new_ne[i] = ne[n_dims - 1 - i];
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < n_dims; i++) {
+            ne[i] = new_ne[i];
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+typedef std::function<bool(const TensorStorage&, ggml_tensor**)> on_new_tensor_cb_t;
+typedef std::function<void(const std::string&, int32_t)> on_new_token_cb_t;
+
+class ModelLoader {
+protected:
+    std::vector<std::string> file_paths_;
+    std::vector<TensorStorage> tensor_storages;
+
+    bool parse_data_pkl(uint8_t* buffer,
+                        size_t buffer_size,
+                        zip_t* zip,
+                        std::string dir,
+                        size_t file_index,
+                        const std::string& prefix);
+
+    bool init_from_gguf_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix = "");
+    bool init_from_safetensors_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix = "");
+    bool init_from_ckpt_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix = "");
+    bool init_from_diffusers_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix = "");
+
+public:
+    bool init_from_file(const std::string& file_path, const std::string& prefix = "");
+    SDVersion get_sd_version();
+    ggml_type get_sd_wtype();
+    std::string load_merges();
+    bool load_tensors(on_new_tensor_cb_t on_new_tensor_cb, ggml_backend_t backend);
+    bool load_tensors(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors,
+                      ggml_backend_t backend,
+                      std::set<std::string> ignore_tensors = {});
+    int64_t cal_mem_size(ggml_backend_t backend);
+    ~ModelLoader() = default;
+};
+#endif  // __MODEL_H__

models/.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-*.bin
-*.ckpt
-*.safetensor
-*.safetensors
-*.log

models/README.md

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# Model Convert Script
-
-## Requirements
-
-- vocab.json, from https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-large-patch14/raw/main/vocab.json
-
-
-```shell
-pip install -r requirements.txt
-```
-
-## Usage
-```
-usage: convert.py [-h] [--out_type {f32,f16,q4_0,q4_1,q5_0,q5_1,q8_0}] [--out_file OUT_FILE] model_path
-
-Convert Stable Diffuison model to GGML compatible file format
-
-positional arguments:
-  model_path            model file path (*.pth, *.pt, *.ckpt, *.safetensors)
-
-options:
-  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
-  --out_type {f32,f16,q4_0,q4_1,q5_0,q5_1,q8_0}
-                        output format (default: based on input)
-  --out_file OUT_FILE   path to write to; default: based on input and current working directory
-```

models/convert.py

@@ -1,385 +0,0 @@
-import struct
-import json
-import os
-
-import numpy as np
-import torch
-import safetensors.torch
-
-this_file_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-vocab_dir = this_file_dir
-
-SD1 = 0
-SD2 = 1
-
-ggml_ftype_str_to_int = {
-    "f32": 0,
-    "f16": 1,
-    "q4_0": 2,
-    "q4_1": 3,
-    "q5_0": 8,
-    "q5_1": 9,
-    "q8_0": 7
-}
-
-ggml_ttype_str_to_int = {
-    "f32": 0,
-    "f16": 1,
-    "q4_0": 2,
-    "q4_1": 3,
-    "q5_0": 6,
-    "q5_1": 7,
-    "q8_0": 8
-}
-
-QK4_0 = 32
-def quantize_q4_0(x):
-    assert x.shape[-1] % QK4_0 == 0 and x.shape[-1] > QK4_0
-    x = x.reshape(-1, QK4_0)
-    max = np.take_along_axis(x, np.argmax(np.abs(x), axis=-1)[:, np.newaxis], axis=-1)
-    d = max / -8
-    qs = ((x / d) + 8).round().clip(min=0, max=15).astype(np.int8)
-    half = QK4_0 // 2
-    qs = qs[:, :half] | (qs[:, half:] << 4)
-    d = d.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    y = np.concatenate((d, qs), axis=-1)
-    return y
-
-QK4_1 = 32
-def quantize_q4_1(x):
-    assert x.shape[-1] % QK4_1 == 0 and x.shape[-1] > QK4_1
-    x = x.reshape(-1, QK4_1)
-    min = np.min(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
-    max = np.max(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
-    d = (max - min) / ((1 << 4) - 1)
-    qs = ((x - min) / d).round().clip(min=0, max=15).astype(np.int8)
-    half = QK4_1 // 2
-    qs = qs[:, :half] | (qs[:, half:] << 4)
-    d = d.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    m = min.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    y = np.concatenate((d, m, qs), axis=-1)
-    return y
-
-QK5_0 = 32
-def quantize_q5_0(x):
-    assert x.shape[-1] % QK5_0 == 0 and x.shape[-1] > QK5_0
-    x = x.reshape(-1, QK5_0)
-    max = np.take_along_axis(x, np.argmax(np.abs(x), axis=-1)[:, np.newaxis], axis=-1)
-    d = max / -16
-    xi = ((x / d) + 16).round().clip(min=0, max=31).astype(np.int8)
-    half = QK5_0 // 2
-    qs = (xi[:, :half] & 0x0F) | (xi[:, half:] << 4)
-    qh = np.zeros(qs.shape[:-1], dtype=np.int32)
-    for i in range(QK5_0):
-        qh |= ((xi[:, i] & 0x10) >> 4).astype(np.int32) << i
-    d = d.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    qh = qh[..., np.newaxis].view(np.int8)
-    y = np.concatenate((d, qh, qs), axis=-1)
-    return y
-
-QK5_1 = 32
-def quantize_q5_1(x):
-    assert x.shape[-1] % QK5_1 == 0 and x.shape[-1] > QK5_1
-    x = x.reshape(-1, QK5_1)
-    min = np.min(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
-    max = np.max(x, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
-    d = (max - min) / ((1 << 5) - 1)
-    xi = ((x - min) / d).round().clip(min=0, max=31).astype(np.int8)
-    half = QK5_1//2
-    qs = (xi[:, :half] & 0x0F) | (xi[:, half:] << 4)
-    qh = np.zeros(xi.shape[:-1], dtype=np.int32)
-    for i in range(QK5_1):
-        qh |= ((xi[:, i] & 0x10) >> 4).astype(np.int32) << i
-    d = d.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    m = min.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    qh = qh[..., np.newaxis].view(np.int8)
-    ndarray = np.concatenate((d, m, qh, qs), axis=-1)
-    return ndarray
-
-QK8_0 = 32
-def quantize_q8_0(x):
-    assert x.shape[-1] % QK8_0 == 0 and x.shape[-1] > QK8_0
-    x = x.reshape(-1, QK8_0)
-    amax = np.max(np.abs(x), axis=-1, keepdims=True) 
-    d = amax / ((1 << 7) - 1)
-    qs = (x / d).round().clip(min=-128, max=127).astype(np.int8)
-    d = d.astype(np.float16).view(np.int8)
-    y = np.concatenate((d, qs), axis=-1)
-    return y
-
-# copy from https://github.com/openai/CLIP/blob/main/clip/simple_tokenizer.py#L16
-def bytes_to_unicode():
-    """
-    Returns list of utf-8 byte and a corresponding list of unicode strings.
-    The reversible bpe codes work on unicode strings.
-    This means you need a large # of unicode characters in your vocab if you want to avoid UNKs.
-    When you're at something like a 10B token dataset you end up needing around 5K for decent coverage.
-    This is a significant percentage of your normal, say, 32K bpe vocab.
-    To avoid that, we want lookup tables between utf-8 bytes and unicode strings.
-    And avoids mapping to whitespace/control characters the bpe code barfs on.
-    """
-    bs = list(range(ord("!"), ord("~")+1))+list(range(ord("¡"), ord("¬")+1))+list(range(ord("®"), ord("ÿ")+1))
-    cs = bs[:]
-    n = 0
-    for b in range(2**8):
-        if b not in bs:
-            bs.append(b)
-            cs.append(2**8+n)
-            n += 1
-    cs = [chr(n) for n in cs]
-    return dict(zip(bs, cs))
-
-def load_model_from_file(model_path):
-    print("loading model from {}".format(model_path))
-    if model_path.lower().endswith(".safetensors"):
-        pl_sd = safetensors.torch.load_file(model_path, device="cpu")
-    else:
-        pl_sd = torch.load(model_path, map_location="cpu")
-    state_dict = pl_sd["state_dict"] if "state_dict" in pl_sd else pl_sd
-    print("loading model from {} completed".format(model_path))
-    return state_dict
-
-def get_alpha_comprod(linear_start=0.00085, linear_end=0.0120, timesteps=1000):
-    betas = torch.linspace(linear_start ** 0.5, linear_end ** 0.5, timesteps, dtype=torch.float32) ** 2
-    alphas = 1. - betas
-    alphas_cumprod = np.cumprod(alphas.numpy(), axis=0)
-    return torch.tensor(alphas_cumprod)
-
-unused_tensors = [
-    "betas",
-    "alphas_cumprod_prev",
-    "sqrt_alphas_cumprod",
-    "sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod",
-    "log_one_minus_alphas_cumprod",
-    "sqrt_recip_alphas_cumprod",
-    "sqrt_recipm1_alphas_cumprod",
-    "posterior_variance",
-    "posterior_log_variance_clipped",
-    "posterior_mean_coef1",
-    "posterior_mean_coef2",
-    "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.embeddings.position_ids",
-    "cond_stage_model.model.logit_scale",
-    "cond_stage_model.model.text_projection",
-    "model_ema.decay",
-    "model_ema.num_updates",
-    "control_model",
-    "lora_te_text_model",
-    "embedding_manager"
-]
-
-
-def preprocess(state_dict):
-    alphas_cumprod = state_dict.get("alphas_cumprod")
-    if alphas_cumprod != None:
-        # print((np.abs(get_alpha_comprod().numpy() - alphas_cumprod.numpy()) < 0.000001).all())
-        pass
-    else:
-        print("no alphas_cumprod in file, generate new one")
-        alphas_cumprod = get_alpha_comprod()
-        state_dict["alphas_cumprod"] = alphas_cumprod
-    
-    new_state_dict = {}
-    for name, w in state_dict.items():
-        # ignore unused tensors
-        if not isinstance(w, torch.Tensor):
-            continue
-        skip = False
-        for unused_tensor in unused_tensors:
-            if name.startswith(unused_tensor):
-                skip = True
-                break
-        if skip:
-            continue
-
-        # # convert BF16 to FP16
-        if w.dtype == torch.bfloat16:
-            w = w.to(torch.float16)
-
-        # convert open_clip to hf CLIPTextModel (for SD2.x)
-        open_clip_to_hf_clip_model = {
-            "cond_stage_model.model.ln_final.bias": "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.final_layer_norm.bias",
-            "cond_stage_model.model.ln_final.weight": "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.final_layer_norm.weight",
-            "cond_stage_model.model.positional_embedding": "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.embeddings.position_embedding.weight",
-            "cond_stage_model.model.token_embedding.weight": "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding.weight",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_k.bias": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.k.bias",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_k.weight": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.k.weight",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_out.0.bias": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.proj_out.bias",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_out.0.weight": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.proj_out.weight",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_q.bias": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.q.bias",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_q.weight": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.q.weight",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_v.bias": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.v.bias",
-            "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.to_v.weight": "first_stage_model.decoder.mid.attn_1.v.weight",
-        }
-        open_clip_to_hk_clip_resblock = {
-            "attn.out_proj.bias": "self_attn.out_proj.bias",
-            "attn.out_proj.weight": "self_attn.out_proj.weight",
-            "ln_1.bias": "layer_norm1.bias",
-            "ln_1.weight": "layer_norm1.weight",
-            "ln_2.bias": "layer_norm2.bias",
-            "ln_2.weight": "layer_norm2.weight",
-            "mlp.c_fc.bias": "mlp.fc1.bias",
-            "mlp.c_fc.weight": "mlp.fc1.weight",
-            "mlp.c_proj.bias": "mlp.fc2.bias",
-            "mlp.c_proj.weight": "mlp.fc2.weight",
-        }
-        open_clip_resblock_prefix = "cond_stage_model.model.transformer.resblocks."
-        hf_clip_resblock_prefix = "cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model.encoder.layers."
-        if name in open_clip_to_hf_clip_model:
-            new_name = open_clip_to_hf_clip_model[name]
-            print(f"preprocess {name} => {new_name}")
-            name = new_name
-        if name.startswith(open_clip_resblock_prefix):
-            remain = name[len(open_clip_resblock_prefix):]
-            idx = remain.split(".")[0]
-            suffix = remain[len(idx)+1:]
-            if suffix == "attn.in_proj_weight":
-                w_q, w_k, w_v = w.chunk(3)
-                for new_suffix, new_w in zip(["self_attn.q_proj.weight", "self_attn.k_proj.weight", "self_attn.v_proj.weight"], [w_q, w_k, w_v]):
-                    new_name = hf_clip_resblock_prefix + idx + "." + new_suffix
-                    new_state_dict[new_name] = new_w
-                    print(f"preprocess {name}{w.size()} => {new_name}{new_w.size()}")
-            elif suffix == "attn.in_proj_bias":
-                w_q, w_k, w_v = w.chunk(3)
-                for new_suffix, new_w in zip(["self_attn.q_proj.bias", "self_attn.k_proj.bias", "self_attn.v_proj.bias"], [w_q, w_k, w_v]):
-                    new_name = hf_clip_resblock_prefix + idx + "." + new_suffix
-                    new_state_dict[new_name] = new_w
-                    print(f"preprocess {name}{w.size()} => {new_name}{new_w.size()}")
-            else:
-                new_suffix = open_clip_to_hk_clip_resblock[suffix]
-                new_name = hf_clip_resblock_prefix + idx + "." + new_suffix
-                new_state_dict[new_name] = w
-                print(f"preprocess {name} => {new_name}")
-            continue
-        
-        # convert unet transformer linear to conv2d 1x1
-        if name.startswith("model.diffusion_model.") and (name.endswith("proj_in.weight") or name.endswith("proj_out.weight")):
-            if len(w.shape) == 2:
-                new_w = w.unsqueeze(2).unsqueeze(3)
-                new_state_dict[name] = new_w
-                print(f"preprocess {name} {w.size()} => {name} {new_w.size()}")
-                continue
-
-        # convert vae attn block linear to conv2d 1x1
-        if name.startswith("first_stage_model.") and "attn_1" in name:
-            if len(w.shape) == 2:
-                new_w = w.unsqueeze(2).unsqueeze(3)
-                new_state_dict[name] = new_w
-                print(f"preprocess {name} {w.size()} => {name} {new_w.size()}")
-                continue
-
-        new_state_dict[name] = w
-    return new_state_dict
-
-def convert(model_path, out_type = None, out_file=None):
-    # load model
-    with open(os.path.join(vocab_dir, "vocab.json"), encoding="utf-8") as f:
-        clip_vocab = json.load(f)
-    
-    state_dict = load_model_from_file(model_path)
-    model_type = SD1
-    if "cond_stage_model.model.token_embedding.weight" in state_dict.keys():
-        model_type = SD2
-        print("Stable diffuison 2.x")
-    else:
-        print("Stable diffuison 1.x")
-    state_dict = preprocess(state_dict)
-
-    # output option
-    if out_type == None:
-        weight = state_dict["model.diffusion_model.input_blocks.0.0.weight"].numpy()
-        if weight.dtype == np.float32:
-            out_type = "f32"
-        elif weight.dtype == np.float16:
-            out_type = "f16"
-        elif weight.dtype == np.float64:
-            out_type = "f32"
-        else:
-            raise Exception("unsupported weight type %s" % weight.dtype)
-    if out_file == None:
-        out_file = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(model_path))[0] + f"-ggml-model-{out_type}.bin"
-        out_file = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), out_file)
-    print(f"Saving GGML compatible file to {out_file}")
-
-    # convert and save
-    with open(out_file, "wb") as file:
-        # magic: ggml in hex
-        file.write(struct.pack("i", 0x67676D6C))
-        # model & file type
-        ftype = (model_type << 16) | ggml_ftype_str_to_int[out_type]
-        file.write(struct.pack("i", ftype))
-
-        # vocab
-        byte_encoder = bytes_to_unicode()
-        byte_decoder = {v: k for k, v in byte_encoder.items()}
-        file.write(struct.pack("i", len(clip_vocab)))
-        for key in clip_vocab:
-            text = bytearray([byte_decoder[c] for c in key])
-            file.write(struct.pack("i", len(text)))
-            file.write(text)
-        
-        # weights
-        for name in state_dict.keys():
-            if not isinstance(state_dict[name], torch.Tensor):
-                continue
-            skip = False
-            for unused_tensor in unused_tensors:
-                if name.startswith(unused_tensor):
-                    skip = True
-                    break
-            if skip:
-                continue
-            if name in unused_tensors:
-                continue
-            data = state_dict[name].numpy()
-
-            n_dims = len(data.shape)
-            shape = data.shape
-            old_type = data.dtype
-
-            ttype = "f32"
-            if n_dims == 4:
-                data = data.astype(np.float16)
-                ttype = "f16"
-            elif n_dims == 2 and name[-7:] == ".weight":
-                if out_type == "f32":
-                    data = data.astype(np.float32)
-                elif out_type == "f16":
-                    data = data.astype(np.float16)
-                elif out_type == "q4_0":
-                    data = quantize_q4_0(data)
-                elif out_type == "q4_1":
-                    data = quantize_q4_1(data)
-                elif out_type == "q5_0":
-                    data = quantize_q5_0(data)
-                elif out_type == "q5_1":
-                    data = quantize_q5_1(data)
-                elif out_type == "q8_0":
-                    data = quantize_q8_0(data)
-                else:
-                    raise Exception("invalid out_type {}".format(out_type))
-                ttype = out_type
-            else:
-                data = data.astype(np.float32)
-                ttype = "f32"
-            
-            print("Processing tensor: {} with shape {}, {} -> {}".format(name, data.shape, old_type, ttype))
-
-            # header
-            name_bytes = name.encode("utf-8")
-            file.write(struct.pack("iii", n_dims, len(name_bytes), ggml_ttype_str_to_int[ttype]))
-            for i in range(n_dims):
-                file.write(struct.pack("i", shape[n_dims - 1 - i]))
-            file.write(name_bytes)
-            # data
-            data.tofile(file)
-        print("Convert done")
-        print(f"Saved GGML compatible file to {out_file}")
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import argparse
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Convert Stable Diffuison model to GGML compatible file format")
-    parser.add_argument("--out_type", choices=["f32", "f16", "q4_0", "q4_1", "q5_0", "q5_1", "q8_0"], help="output format (default: based on input)")
-    parser.add_argument("--out_file", help="path to write to; default: based on input and current working directory")
-    parser.add_argument("model_path", help="model file path (*.pth, *.pt, *.ckpt, *.safetensors)")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-    convert(args.model_path, args.out_type, args.out_file)

models/requirements.txt

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-numpy
-torch
-safetensors
-pytorch_lightning

rng.hpp

@@ -5,26 +5,26 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 class RNG {
-   public:
-    virtual void manual_seed(uint64_t seed) = 0;
+public:
+    virtual void manual_seed(uint64_t seed)      = 0;
     virtual std::vector<float> randn(uint32_t n) = 0;
 };
 
 class STDDefaultRNG : public RNG {
-   private:
+private:
     std::default_random_engine generator;
 
-   public:
+public:
     void manual_seed(uint64_t seed) {
-        generator.seed(seed);
+        generator.seed((unsigned int)seed);
     }
 
     std::vector<float> randn(uint32_t n) {
         std::vector<float> result;
-        float mean = 0.0;
+        float mean   = 0.0;
         float stddev = 1.0;
         std::normal_distribution<float> distribution(mean, stddev);
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             float random_number = distribution(generator);
             result.push_back(random_number);
         }

rng_philox.hpp

@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "rng.h"
+#include "rng.hpp"
 
 // RNG imitiating torch cuda randn on CPU.
 // Port from: https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui/blob/5ef669de080814067961f28357256e8fe27544f4/modules/rng_philox.py
 class PhiloxRNG : public RNG {
-   private:
+private:
     uint64_t seed;
     uint32_t offset;
 
-   private:
+private:
     std::vector<uint32_t> philox_m = {0xD2511F53, 0xCD9E8D57};
     std::vector<uint32_t> philox_w = {0x9E3779B9, 0xBB67AE85};
-    float two_pow32_inv = 2.3283064e-10;
-    float two_pow32_inv_2pi = 2.3283064e-10 * 6.2831855;
+    float two_pow32_inv            = 2.3283064e-10f;
+    float two_pow32_inv_2pi        = 2.3283064e-10f * 6.2831855f;
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> uint32(uint64_t x) {
         std::vector<uint32_t> result(2);
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ class PhiloxRNG : public RNG {
     }
 
     std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>> uint32(const std::vector<uint64_t>& x) {
-        int N = x.size();
+        uint32_t N = (uint32_t)x.size();
         std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>> result(2, std::vector<uint32_t>(N));
 
-        for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
             result[0][i] = static_cast<uint32_t>(x[i] & 0xFFFFFFFF);
             result[1][i] = static_cast<uint32_t>(x[i] >> 32);
         }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class PhiloxRNG : public RNG {
     //  A single round of the Philox 4x32 random number generator.
     void philox4_round(std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>>& counter,
                        const std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>>& key) {
-        uint32_t N = counter[0].size();
+        uint32_t N = (uint32_t)counter[0].size();
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < N; i++) {
             std::vector<uint32_t> v1 = uint32(static_cast<uint64_t>(counter[0][i]) * static_cast<uint64_t>(philox_m[0]));
             std::vector<uint32_t> v2 = uint32(static_cast<uint64_t>(counter[2][i]) * static_cast<uint64_t>(philox_m[1]));
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class PhiloxRNG : public RNG {
     std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>> philox4_32(std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>>& counter,
                                                   std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>>& key,
                                                   int rounds = 10) {
-        uint32_t N = counter[0].size();
+        uint32_t N = (uint32_t)counter[0].size();
         for (int i = 0; i < rounds - 1; ++i) {
             philox4_round(counter, key);
 
@@ -81,20 +81,20 @@ class PhiloxRNG : public RNG {
         float u = x * two_pow32_inv + two_pow32_inv / 2;
         float v = y * two_pow32_inv_2pi + two_pow32_inv_2pi / 2;
 
-        float s = sqrt(-2.0 * log(u));
+        float s = sqrt(-2.0f * log(u));
 
         float r1 = s * sin(v);
         return r1;
     }
 
-   public:
+public:
     PhiloxRNG(uint64_t seed = 0) {
-        this->seed = seed;
+        this->seed   = seed;
         this->offset = 0;
     }
 
     void manual_seed(uint64_t seed) {
-        this->seed = seed;
+        this->seed   = seed;
         this->offset = 0;
     }
 
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ class PhiloxRNG : public RNG {
         std::vector<std::vector<uint32_t>> g = philox4_32(counter, key_uint32);
 
         std::vector<float> result;
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-            result.push_back(box_muller(g[0][i], g[1][i]));
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            result.push_back(box_muller((float)g[0][i], (float)g[1][i]));
         }
         return result;
     }

stable-diffusion.h

@@ -1,22 +1,39 @@
 #ifndef __STABLE_DIFFUSION_H__
 #define __STABLE_DIFFUSION_H__
 
-#include <memory>
-#include <vector>
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#ifndef SD_BUILD_SHARED_LIB
+#define SD_API
+#else
+#ifdef SD_BUILD_DLL
+#define SD_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define SD_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif
+#endif
+#else
+#if __GNUC__ >= 4
+#define SD_API __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#else
+#define SD_API
+#endif
+#endif
 
-enum SDLogLevel {
-    DEBUG,
-    INFO,
-    WARN,
-    ERROR
-};
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
 
-enum RNGType {
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+enum rng_type_t {
     STD_DEFAULT_RNG,
     CUDA_RNG
 };
 
-enum SampleMethod {
+enum sample_method_t {
     EULER_A,
     EULER,
     HEUN,
@@ -24,51 +41,117 @@ enum SampleMethod {
     DPMPP2S_A,
     DPMPP2M,
     DPMPP2Mv2,
+    LCM,
     N_SAMPLE_METHODS
 };
 
-enum Schedule {
+enum schedule_t {
     DEFAULT,
     DISCRETE,
     KARRAS,
     N_SCHEDULES
 };
 
-class StableDiffusionGGML;
-
-class StableDiffusion {
-   private:
-    std::shared_ptr<StableDiffusionGGML> sd;
-
-   public:
-    StableDiffusion(int n_threads = -1,
-                    bool vae_decode_only = false,
-                    bool free_params_immediately = false,
-                    RNGType rng_type = STD_DEFAULT_RNG);
-    bool load_from_file(const std::string& file_path, Schedule d = DEFAULT);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> txt2img(
-        const std::string& prompt,
-        const std::string& negative_prompt,
-        float cfg_scale,
-        int width,
-        int height,
-        SampleMethod sample_method,
-        int sample_steps,
-        int64_t seed);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> img2img(
-        const std::vector<uint8_t>& init_img,
-        const std::string& prompt,
-        const std::string& negative_prompt,
-        float cfg_scale,
-        int width,
-        int height,
-        SampleMethod sample_method,
-        int sample_steps,
-        float strength,
-        int64_t seed);
+// same as enum ggml_type
+enum sd_type_t {
+    SD_TYPE_F32  = 0,
+    SD_TYPE_F16  = 1,
+    SD_TYPE_Q4_0 = 2,
+    SD_TYPE_Q4_1 = 3,
+    // SD_TYPE_Q4_2 = 4, support has been removed
+    // SD_TYPE_Q4_3 (5) support has been removed
+    SD_TYPE_Q5_0 = 6,
+    SD_TYPE_Q5_1 = 7,
+    SD_TYPE_Q8_0 = 8,
+    SD_TYPE_Q8_1 = 9,
+    // k-quantizations
+    SD_TYPE_Q2_K = 10,
+    SD_TYPE_Q3_K = 11,
+    SD_TYPE_Q4_K = 12,
+    SD_TYPE_Q5_K = 13,
+    SD_TYPE_Q6_K = 14,
+    SD_TYPE_Q8_K = 15,
+    SD_TYPE_I8,
+    SD_TYPE_I16,
+    SD_TYPE_I32,
+    SD_TYPE_COUNT,
 };
 
-void set_sd_log_level(SDLogLevel level);
-std::string sd_get_system_info();
+SD_API const char* sd_type_name(enum sd_type_t type);
+
+enum sd_log_level_t {
+    SD_LOG_DEBUG,
+    SD_LOG_INFO,
+    SD_LOG_WARN,
+    SD_LOG_ERROR
+};
+
+typedef void (*sd_log_cb_t)(enum sd_log_level_t level, const char* text, void* data);
+
+SD_API void sd_set_log_callback(sd_log_cb_t sd_log_cb, void* data);
+SD_API int32_t get_num_physical_cores();
+SD_API const char* sd_get_system_info();
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t width;
+    uint32_t height;
+    uint32_t channel;
+    uint8_t* data;
+} sd_image_t;
+
+typedef struct sd_ctx_t sd_ctx_t;
+
+SD_API sd_ctx_t* new_sd_ctx(const char* model_path,
+                            const char* vae_path,
+                            const char* taesd_path,
+                            const char* lora_model_dir,
+                            bool vae_decode_only,
+                            bool vae_tiling,
+                            bool free_params_immediately,
+                            int n_threads,
+                            enum sd_type_t wtype,
+                            enum rng_type_t rng_type,
+                            enum schedule_t s);
+
+SD_API void free_sd_ctx(sd_ctx_t* sd_ctx);
+
+SD_API sd_image_t* txt2img(sd_ctx_t* sd_ctx,
+                           const char* prompt,
+                           const char* negative_prompt,
+                           int clip_skip,
+                           float cfg_scale,
+                           int width,
+                           int height,
+                           enum sample_method_t sample_method,
+                           int sample_steps,
+                           int64_t seed,
+                           int batch_count);
+
+SD_API sd_image_t* img2img(sd_ctx_t* sd_ctx,
+                           sd_image_t init_image,
+                           const char* prompt,
+                           const char* negative_prompt,
+                           int clip_skip,
+                           float cfg_scale,
+                           int width,
+                           int height,
+                           enum sample_method_t sample_method,
+                           int sample_steps,
+                           float strength,
+                           int64_t seed,
+                           int batch_count);
+
+typedef struct upscaler_ctx_t upscaler_ctx_t;
+
+SD_API upscaler_ctx_t* new_upscaler_ctx(const char* esrgan_path,
+                                        int n_threads,
+                                        enum sd_type_t wtype);
+SD_API void free_upscaler_ctx(upscaler_ctx_t* upscaler_ctx);
+
+SD_API sd_image_t upscale(upscaler_ctx_t*, sd_image_t input_image, uint32_t upscale_factor);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
 
 #endif  // __STABLE_DIFFUSION_H__

tae.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+#ifndef __TAE_HPP__
+#define __TAE_HPP__
+
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+
+#include "model.h"
+
+/*
+    ===================================    TinyAutoEncoder  ===================================
+    References:
+    https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/src/diffusers/models/autoencoder_tiny.py
+    https://github.com/madebyollin/taesd/blob/main/taesd.py
+
+*/
+struct TAEBlock {
+    int in_channels;
+    int out_channels;
+
+    // conv
+    ggml_tensor* conv_0_w;  // [in_channels, out_channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_0_b;  // [in_channels]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_1_w;  // [out_channels, out_channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_1_b;  // [out_channels]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_2_w;  // [out_channels, out_channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_2_b;  // [out_channels]
+
+    // skip
+    ggml_tensor* conv_skip_w;  // [in_channels, out_channels, 1, 1]
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = in_channels * out_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_0_w
+        mem_size += in_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                               // conv_0_b
+        mem_size += out_channels * out_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);       // conv_1_w
+        mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                              // conv_1_b
+        mem_size += out_channels * out_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);       // conv_1_w
+        mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                              // conv_1_b
+        mem_size += out_channels * out_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);       // conv_2_w
+        mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                              // conv_2_b
+
+        if (in_channels != out_channels) {
+            mem_size += in_channels * out_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_skip_w
+        }
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    int get_num_tensors() {
+        return 6 + (in_channels != out_channels ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(ggml_context* ctx) {
+        conv_0_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, out_channels, in_channels);
+        conv_0_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+
+        conv_1_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, out_channels, out_channels);
+        conv_1_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+
+        conv_2_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, out_channels, out_channels);
+        conv_2_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+
+        if (in_channels != out_channels) {
+            conv_skip_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, out_channels, in_channels);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors, std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.0.weight"] = conv_0_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.0.bias"]   = conv_0_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.2.weight"] = conv_1_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.2.bias"]   = conv_1_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.4.weight"] = conv_2_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv.4.bias"]   = conv_2_b;
+
+        if (in_channels != out_channels) {
+            tensors[prefix + "skip.weight"] = conv_skip_w;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor* forward(ggml_context* ctx, ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // conv(n_in, n_out)
+        ggml_tensor* h;
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, conv_0_w, conv_0_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        h = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx, h);
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_1_w, conv_1_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        h = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx, h);
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_2_w, conv_2_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // skip connection
+        if (in_channels != out_channels) {
+            // skip = nn.Conv2d(n_in, n_out, 1, bias=False) if n_in != n_out else nn.Identity()
+            x = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, conv_skip_w, NULL, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        }
+
+        h = ggml_add(ctx, h, x);
+        h = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx, h);
+        return h;
+    }
+};
+
+struct TinyEncoder {
+    int in_channels = 3;
+    int z_channels  = 4;
+    int channels    = 64;
+    int num_blocks  = 3;
+
+    // input
+    ggml_tensor* conv_input_w;  // [channels, in_channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_input_b;  // [channels]
+    TAEBlock initial_block;
+
+    ggml_tensor* conv_1_w;  // [channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    TAEBlock input_blocks[3];
+
+    // middle
+    ggml_tensor* conv_2_w;  // [channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    TAEBlock middle_blocks[3];
+
+    // output
+    ggml_tensor* conv_3_w;  // [channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    TAEBlock output_blocks[3];
+
+    // final
+    ggml_tensor* conv_final_w;  // [z_channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_final_b;  // [z_channels]
+
+    TinyEncoder() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            input_blocks[i].in_channels  = channels;
+            input_blocks[i].out_channels = channels;
+
+            middle_blocks[i].in_channels  = channels;
+            middle_blocks[i].out_channels = channels;
+
+            output_blocks[i].in_channels  = channels;
+            output_blocks[i].out_channels = channels;
+        }
+
+        initial_block.in_channels  = channels;
+        initial_block.out_channels = channels;
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = channels * in_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_input_w
+        mem_size += channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                              // conv_input_b
+
+        mem_size += initial_block.calculate_mem_size();
+
+        mem_size += channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_1_w
+        mem_size += channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_2_w
+        mem_size += channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_3_w
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            mem_size += input_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+            mem_size += middle_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+            mem_size += output_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+        mem_size += z_channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_input_w
+        mem_size += z_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                     // conv_input_b
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    int get_num_tensors() {
+        int num_tensors = 7;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            num_tensors += input_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+            num_tensors += middle_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+            num_tensors += output_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+        }
+        num_tensors += initial_block.get_num_tensors();
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params(ggml_context* ctx) {
+        conv_input_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, in_channels, channels);
+        conv_input_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, channels);
+
+        initial_block.init_params(ctx);
+
+        conv_1_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, channels);
+        conv_2_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, channels);
+        conv_3_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, channels);
+
+        conv_final_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, z_channels);
+        conv_final_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, z_channels);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            input_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+            middle_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+            output_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors, std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "0.weight"] = conv_input_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "0.bias"]   = conv_input_b;
+
+        initial_block.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "1.");
+
+        tensors[prefix + "2.weight"] = conv_1_w;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            input_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + std::to_string(i + 3) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors[prefix + "6.weight"] = conv_2_w;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            middle_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + std::to_string(i + 7) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors[prefix + "10.weight"] = conv_3_w;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            output_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + std::to_string(i + 11) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors[prefix + "14.weight"] = conv_final_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "14.bias"]   = conv_final_b;
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor* forward(ggml_context* ctx, ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // conv(3, 64)
+        auto z = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, conv_input_w, conv_input_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64)
+        z = initial_block.forward(ctx, z);
+
+        // conv(64, 64, stride=2, bias=False)
+        z = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, z, conv_1_w, NULL, 2, 2, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            z = input_blocks[i].forward(ctx, z);
+        }
+
+        // conv(64, 64, stride=2, bias=False)
+        z = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, z, conv_2_w, NULL, 2, 2, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            z = middle_blocks[i].forward(ctx, z);
+        }
+
+        // conv(64, 64, stride=2, bias=False)
+        z = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, z, conv_3_w, NULL, 2, 2, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            z = output_blocks[i].forward(ctx, z);
+        }
+
+        // conv(64, 4)
+        z = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, z, conv_final_w, conv_final_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        return z;
+    }
+};
+
+struct TinyDecoder {
+    int z_channels      = 4;
+    int channels        = 64;
+    int output_channels = 3;
+    int num_blocks      = 3;
+
+    // input
+    ggml_tensor* conv_input_w;  // [channels, z_channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_input_b;  // [channels]
+    TAEBlock input_blocks[3];
+    ggml_tensor* conv_1_w;  // [channels, channels, 3, 3]
+
+    // middle
+    TAEBlock middle_blocks[3];
+    ggml_tensor* conv_2_w;  // [channels, channels, 3, 3]
+
+    // output
+    TAEBlock output_blocks[3];
+    ggml_tensor* conv_3_w;  // [channels, channels, 3, 3]
+
+    // final
+    TAEBlock final_block;
+    ggml_tensor* conv_final_w;  // [output_channels, channels, 3, 3]
+    ggml_tensor* conv_final_b;  // [output_channels]
+
+    ggml_tensor* in_scale_1d3;  // [1]
+    ggml_tensor* in_scale_3;    // [1]
+
+    TinyDecoder() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            input_blocks[i].in_channels  = channels;
+            input_blocks[i].out_channels = channels;
+
+            middle_blocks[i].in_channels  = channels;
+            middle_blocks[i].out_channels = channels;
+
+            output_blocks[i].in_channels  = channels;
+            output_blocks[i].out_channels = channels;
+        }
+
+        final_block.in_channels  = channels;
+        final_block.out_channels = channels;
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = channels * z_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_input_w
+        mem_size += channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                             // conv_input_b
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            mem_size += input_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+        mem_size += channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_1_w
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            mem_size += middle_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+        mem_size += channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_2_w
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            mem_size += output_blocks[i].calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+        mem_size += channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_3_w
+
+        mem_size += final_block.calculate_mem_size();
+        mem_size += output_channels * channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_input_w
+        mem_size += output_channels * ggml_type_size(GGML_TYPE_F32);                     // conv_input_b
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    int get_num_tensors() {
+        int num_tensors = 9;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            num_tensors += input_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+            num_tensors += middle_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+            num_tensors += output_blocks[i].get_num_tensors();
+        }
+        num_tensors += final_block.get_num_tensors();
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params(ggml_allocr* alloc, ggml_context* ctx) {
+        conv_input_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, z_channels, channels);
+        conv_input_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, channels);
+
+        conv_1_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, channels);
+        conv_2_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, channels);
+        conv_3_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, channels);
+
+        conv_final_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, channels, output_channels);
+        conv_final_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, output_channels);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            input_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+            middle_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+            output_blocks[i].init_params(ctx);
+        }
+
+        final_block.init_params(ctx);
+
+        // initialize constants scales
+        in_scale_1d3 = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+        in_scale_3   = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, in_scale_1d3);
+        float scale_1d3 = 1.0f / 3.0f;
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(in_scale_1d3, &scale_1d3, 0, sizeof(scale_1d3));
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, in_scale_3);
+        float scale_3 = 3.0f;
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(in_scale_3, &scale_3, 0, sizeof(scale_3));
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors, std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "0.weight"] = conv_input_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "0.bias"]   = conv_input_b;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            input_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + std::to_string(i + 2) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors[prefix + "6.weight"] = conv_1_w;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            middle_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + std::to_string(i + 7) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors[prefix + "11.weight"] = conv_2_w;
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            output_blocks[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + std::to_string(i + 12) + ".");
+        }
+
+        tensors[prefix + "16.weight"] = conv_3_w;
+
+        final_block.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "17.");
+
+        tensors[prefix + "18.weight"] = conv_final_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "18.bias"]   = conv_final_b;
+    }
+
+    ggml_tensor* forward(ggml_context* ctx, ggml_tensor* z) {
+        // torch.tanh(x / 3) * 3
+        auto h = ggml_scale(ctx, z, in_scale_1d3);
+        h      = ggml_tanh_inplace(ctx, h);
+        h      = ggml_scale(ctx, h, in_scale_3);
+
+        // conv(4, 64)
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_input_w, conv_input_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // nn.ReLU()
+        h = ggml_relu_inplace(ctx, h);
+
+        // Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            h = input_blocks[i].forward(ctx, h);
+        }
+
+        // nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2)
+        h = ggml_upscale(ctx, h, 2);
+
+        // conv(64, 64, bias=False)
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_1_w, NULL, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            h = middle_blocks[i].forward(ctx, h);
+        }
+
+        // nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2)
+        h = ggml_upscale(ctx, h, 2);
+
+        // conv(64, 64, bias=False)
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_2_w, NULL, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64), Block(64, 64)
+        for (int i = 0; i < num_blocks; i++) {
+            h = output_blocks[i].forward(ctx, h);
+        }
+
+        // nn.Upsample(scale_factor=2)
+        h = ggml_upscale(ctx, h, 2);
+
+        // conv(64, 64, bias=False)
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_3_w, NULL, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+
+        // Block(64, 64)
+        h = final_block.forward(ctx, h);
+
+        // conv(64, 3)
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_final_w, conv_final_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        return h;
+    }
+};
+
+struct TinyAutoEncoder : public GGMLModule {
+    TinyEncoder encoder;
+    TinyDecoder decoder;
+    bool decode_only = false;
+
+    TinyAutoEncoder(bool decoder_only_ = true)
+        : decode_only(decoder_only_) {
+        name = "tae";
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        size_t mem_size = decoder.calculate_mem_size();
+        if (!decode_only) {
+            mem_size += encoder.calculate_mem_size();
+        }
+        mem_size += 1024;  // padding
+        return mem_size;
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        size_t num_tensors = decoder.get_num_tensors();
+        if (!decode_only) {
+            num_tensors += encoder.get_num_tensors();
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params() {
+        ggml_allocr* alloc = ggml_allocr_new_from_buffer(params_buffer);
+        decoder.init_params(alloc, params_ctx);
+        if (!decode_only) {
+            encoder.init_params(params_ctx);
+        }
+
+        // alloc all tensors linked to this context
+        for (struct ggml_tensor* t = ggml_get_first_tensor(params_ctx); t != NULL; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(params_ctx, t)) {
+            if (t->data == NULL) {
+                ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, t);
+            }
+        }
+        ggml_allocr_free(alloc);
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*>& tensors) {
+        decoder.map_by_name(tensors, "decoder.layers.");
+        encoder.map_by_name(tensors, "encoder.layers.");
+    }
+
+    bool load_from_file(const std::string& file_path, ggml_backend_t backend) {
+        LOG_INFO("loading taesd from '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+
+        if (!alloc_params_buffer(backend)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        std::map<std::string, ggml_tensor*> taesd_tensors;
+
+        // prepare memory for the weights
+        {
+            init_params();
+            map_by_name(taesd_tensors);
+        }
+
+        std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*> tensors_need_to_load;
+        std::set<std::string> ignore_tensors;
+        for (auto& pair : taesd_tensors) {
+            const std::string& name = pair.first;
+
+            if (decode_only && starts_with(name, "encoder")) {
+                ignore_tensors.insert(name);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            tensors_need_to_load.insert(pair);
+        }
+
+        ModelLoader model_loader;
+        if (!model_loader.init_from_file(file_path)) {
+            LOG_ERROR("init taesd model loader from file failed: '%s'", file_path.c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        bool success = model_loader.load_tensors(tensors_need_to_load, backend, ignore_tensors);
+
+        if (!success) {
+            LOG_ERROR("load tae tensors from model loader failed");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        LOG_INFO("taesd model loaded");
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph* build_graph(struct ggml_tensor* z, bool decode_graph) {
+        // since we are using ggml-alloc, this buffer only needs enough space to hold the ggml_tensor and ggml_cgraph structs, but not the tensor data
+        static size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead() * GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE + ggml_graph_overhead();
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> buf(buf_size);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params = {
+            /*.mem_size   =*/buf_size,
+            /*.mem_buffer =*/buf.data(),
+            /*.no_alloc   =*/true,  // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_allocr_alloc_graph()
+        };
+        // LOG_DEBUG("mem_size %u ", params.mem_size);
+
+        struct ggml_context* ctx0 = ggml_init(params);
+
+        struct ggml_cgraph* gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx0);
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* z_ = NULL;
+
+        // it's performing a compute, check if backend isn't cpu
+        if (!ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)) {
+            // pass input tensors to gpu memory
+            z_ = ggml_dup_tensor(ctx0, z);
+            ggml_allocr_alloc(compute_allocr, z_);
+
+            // pass data to device backend
+            if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(compute_allocr)) {
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(z_, z->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(z));
+            }
+        } else {
+            z_ = z;
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* out = decode_graph ? decoder.forward(ctx0, z_) : encoder.forward(ctx0, z_);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, out);
+        ggml_free(ctx0);
+
+        return gf;
+    }
+
+    void alloc_compute_buffer(struct ggml_tensor* x, bool decode) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(x, decode);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::alloc_compute_buffer(get_graph);
+    }
+
+    void compute(struct ggml_tensor* work_result, int n_threads, struct ggml_tensor* z, bool decode_graph) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(z, decode_graph);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::compute(get_graph, n_threads, work_result);
+    }
+};
+
+#endif  // __TAE_HPP__

thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+set(Z_TARGET zip)
+add_library(${Z_TARGET} OBJECT zip.c zip.h miniz.h)
+target_include_directories(${Z_TARGET} PUBLIC .)

thirdparty/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- json.hpp library from: https://github.com/nlohmann/json
+- ZIP Library from: https://github.com/kuba--/zip

thirdparty/zip.h

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+/*
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
+ * OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ * ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+#ifndef ZIP_H
+#define ZIP_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifndef ZIP_SHARED
+#define ZIP_EXPORT
+#else
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#ifdef ZIP_BUILD_SHARED
+#define ZIP_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define ZIP_EXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif
+#else
+#define ZIP_EXPORT __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_POSIX_C_SOURCE) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+// 64-bit Windows is the only mainstream platform
+// where sizeof(long) != sizeof(void*)
+#ifdef _WIN64
+typedef long long ssize_t; /* byte count or error */
+#else
+typedef long ssize_t; /* byte count or error */
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @mainpage
+ *
+ * Documentation for @ref zip.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @addtogroup zip
+ * @{
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Default zip compression level.
+ */
+#define ZIP_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION_LEVEL 6
+
+/**
+ * Error codes
+ */
+#define ZIP_ENOINIT -1      // not initialized
+#define ZIP_EINVENTNAME -2  // invalid entry name
+#define ZIP_ENOENT -3       // entry not found
+#define ZIP_EINVMODE -4     // invalid zip mode
+#define ZIP_EINVLVL -5      // invalid compression level
+#define ZIP_ENOSUP64 -6     // no zip 64 support
+#define ZIP_EMEMSET -7      // memset error
+#define ZIP_EWRTENT -8      // cannot write data to entry
+#define ZIP_ETDEFLINIT -9   // cannot initialize tdefl compressor
+#define ZIP_EINVIDX -10     // invalid index
+#define ZIP_ENOHDR -11      // header not found
+#define ZIP_ETDEFLBUF -12   // cannot flush tdefl buffer
+#define ZIP_ECRTHDR -13     // cannot create entry header
+#define ZIP_EWRTHDR -14     // cannot write entry header
+#define ZIP_EWRTDIR -15     // cannot write to central dir
+#define ZIP_EOPNFILE -16    // cannot open file
+#define ZIP_EINVENTTYPE -17 // invalid entry type
+#define ZIP_EMEMNOALLOC -18 // extracting data using no memory allocation
+#define ZIP_ENOFILE -19     // file not found
+#define ZIP_ENOPERM -20     // no permission
+#define ZIP_EOOMEM -21      // out of memory
+#define ZIP_EINVZIPNAME -22 // invalid zip archive name
+#define ZIP_EMKDIR -23      // make dir error
+#define ZIP_ESYMLINK -24    // symlink error
+#define ZIP_ECLSZIP -25     // close archive error
+#define ZIP_ECAPSIZE -26    // capacity size too small
+#define ZIP_EFSEEK -27      // fseek error
+#define ZIP_EFREAD -28      // fread error
+#define ZIP_EFWRITE -29     // fwrite error
+#define ZIP_ERINIT -30      // cannot initialize reader
+#define ZIP_EWINIT -31      // cannot initialize writer
+#define ZIP_EWRINIT -32     // cannot initialize writer from reader
+
+/**
+ * Looks up the error message string corresponding to an error number.
+ * @param errnum error number
+ * @return error message string corresponding to errnum or NULL if error is not
+ * found.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT const char *zip_strerror(int errnum);
+
+/**
+ * @struct zip_t
+ *
+ * This data structure is used throughout the library to represent zip archive -
+ * forward declaration.
+ */
+struct zip_t;
+
+/**
+ * Opens zip archive with compression level using the given mode.
+ *
+ * @param zipname zip archive file name.
+ * @param level compression level (0-9 are the standard zlib-style levels).
+ * @param mode file access mode.
+ *        - 'r': opens a file for reading/extracting (the file must exists).
+ *        - 'w': creates an empty file for writing.
+ *        - 'a': appends to an existing archive.
+ *
+ * @return the zip archive handler or NULL on error
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT struct zip_t *zip_open(const char *zipname, int level,
+                                         char mode);
+
+/**
+ * Opens zip archive with compression level using the given mode.
+ * The function additionally returns @param errnum -
+ *
+ * @param zipname zip archive file name.
+ * @param level compression level (0-9 are the standard zlib-style levels).
+ * @param mode file access mode.
+ *        - 'r': opens a file for reading/extracting (the file must exists).
+ *        - 'w': creates an empty file for writing.
+ *        - 'a': appends to an existing archive.
+ * @param errnum 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ *
+ * @return the zip archive handler or NULL on error
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT struct zip_t *
+zip_openwitherror(const char *zipname, int level, char mode, int *errnum);
+
+/**
+ * Closes the zip archive, releases resources - always finalize.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT void zip_close(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Determines if the archive has a zip64 end of central directory headers.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 1 (true), 0 (false), negative number (< 0) on
+ *         error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_is64(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Opens an entry by name in the zip archive.
+ *
+ * For zip archive opened in 'w' or 'a' mode the function will append
+ * a new entry. In readonly mode the function tries to locate the entry
+ * in global dictionary.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param entryname an entry name in local dictionary.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_open(struct zip_t *zip, const char *entryname);
+
+/**
+ * Opens an entry by name in the zip archive.
+ *
+ * For zip archive opened in 'w' or 'a' mode the function will append
+ * a new entry. In readonly mode the function tries to locate the entry
+ * in global dictionary (case sensitive).
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param entryname an entry name in local dictionary (case sensitive).
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_opencasesensitive(struct zip_t *zip,
+                                                  const char *entryname);
+
+/**
+ * Opens a new entry by index in the zip archive.
+ *
+ * This function is only valid if zip archive was opened in 'r' (readonly) mode.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param index index in local dictionary.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_openbyindex(struct zip_t *zip, size_t index);
+
+/**
+ * Closes a zip entry, flushes buffer and releases resources.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_close(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Returns a local name of the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * The main difference between user's entry name and local entry name
+ * is optional relative path.
+ * Following .ZIP File Format Specification - the path stored MUST not contain
+ * a drive or device letter, or a leading slash.
+ * All slashes MUST be forward slashes '/' as opposed to backwards slashes '\'
+ * for compatibility with Amiga and UNIX file systems etc.
+ *
+ * @param zip: zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the pointer to the current zip entry name, or NULL on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT const char *zip_entry_name(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Returns an index of the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the index on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT ssize_t zip_entry_index(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Determines if the current zip entry is a directory entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 1 (true), 0 (false), negative number (< 0) on
+ *         error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_isdir(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the uncompressed size of the current zip entry.
+ * Alias for zip_entry_uncomp_size (for backward compatibility).
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the uncompressed size in bytes.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT unsigned long long zip_entry_size(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the uncompressed size of the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the uncompressed size in bytes.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT unsigned long long zip_entry_uncomp_size(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the compressed size of the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the compressed size in bytes.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT unsigned long long zip_entry_comp_size(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Returns CRC-32 checksum of the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the CRC-32 checksum.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT unsigned int zip_entry_crc32(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Compresses an input buffer for the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param buf input buffer.
+ * @param bufsize input buffer size (in bytes).
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_write(struct zip_t *zip, const void *buf,
+                                      size_t bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Compresses a file for the current zip entry.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param filename input file.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_fwrite(struct zip_t *zip, const char *filename);
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the current zip entry into output buffer.
+ *
+ * The function allocates sufficient memory for a output buffer.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param buf output buffer.
+ * @param bufsize output buffer size (in bytes).
+ *
+ * @note remember to release memory allocated for a output buffer.
+ *       for large entries, please take a look at zip_entry_extract function.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - the number of bytes actually read on success.
+ *         Otherwise a negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT ssize_t zip_entry_read(struct zip_t *zip, void **buf,
+                                         size_t *bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the current zip entry into a memory buffer using no memory
+ * allocation.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param buf preallocated output buffer.
+ * @param bufsize output buffer size (in bytes).
+ *
+ * @note ensure supplied output buffer is large enough.
+ *       zip_entry_size function (returns uncompressed size for the current
+ *       entry) can be handy to estimate how big buffer is needed.
+ *       For large entries, please take a look at zip_entry_extract function.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - the number of bytes actually read on success.
+ *         Otherwise a negative number (< 0) on error (e.g. bufsize is not large
+ * enough).
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT ssize_t zip_entry_noallocread(struct zip_t *zip, void *buf,
+                                                size_t bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the current zip entry into output file.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param filename output file.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_entry_fread(struct zip_t *zip, const char *filename);
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the current zip entry using a callback function (on_extract).
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param on_extract callback function.
+ * @param arg opaque pointer (optional argument, which you can pass to the
+ *        on_extract callback)
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int
+zip_entry_extract(struct zip_t *zip,
+                  size_t (*on_extract)(void *arg, uint64_t offset,
+                                       const void *data, size_t size),
+                  void *arg);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the number of all entries (files and directories) in the zip archive.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - the number of entries on success, negative number
+ *         (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT ssize_t zip_entries_total(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Deletes zip archive entries.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param entries array of zip archive entries to be deleted.
+ * @param len the number of entries to be deleted.
+ * @return the number of deleted entries, or negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT ssize_t zip_entries_delete(struct zip_t *zip,
+                                             char *const entries[], size_t len);
+
+/**
+ * Extracts a zip archive stream into directory.
+ *
+ * If on_extract is not NULL, the callback will be called after
+ * successfully extracted each zip entry.
+ * Returning a negative value from the callback will cause abort and return an
+ * error. The last argument (void *arg) is optional, which you can use to pass
+ * data to the on_extract callback.
+ *
+ * @param stream zip archive stream.
+ * @param size stream size.
+ * @param dir output directory.
+ * @param on_extract on extract callback.
+ * @param arg opaque pointer.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int
+zip_stream_extract(const char *stream, size_t size, const char *dir,
+                   int (*on_extract)(const char *filename, void *arg),
+                   void *arg);
+
+/**
+ * Opens zip archive stream into memory.
+ *
+ * @param stream zip archive stream.
+ * @param size stream size.
+ * @param level compression level (0-9 are the standard zlib-style levels).
+ * @param mode file access mode.
+ *        - 'r': opens a file for reading/extracting (the file must exists).
+ *        - 'w': creates an empty file for writing.
+ *        - 'a': appends to an existing archive.
+ *
+ * @return the zip archive handler or NULL on error
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT struct zip_t *zip_stream_open(const char *stream, size_t size,
+                                                int level, char mode);
+
+/**
+ * Opens zip archive stream into memory.
+ * The function additionally returns @param errnum -
+ *
+ * @param stream zip archive stream.
+ * @param size stream size.*
+ * @param level compression level (0-9 are the standard zlib-style levels).
+ * @param mode file access mode.
+ *        - 'r': opens a file for reading/extracting (the file must exists).
+ *        - 'w': creates an empty file for writing.
+ *        - 'a': appends to an existing archive.
+ * @param errnum 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ *
+ * @return the zip archive handler or NULL on error
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT struct zip_t *zip_stream_openwitherror(const char *stream,
+                                                         size_t size, int level,
+                                                         char mode,
+                                                         int *errnum);
+
+/**
+ * Copy zip archive stream output buffer.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ * @param buf output buffer. User should free buf.
+ * @param bufsize output buffer size (in bytes).
+ *
+ * @return copy size
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT ssize_t zip_stream_copy(struct zip_t *zip, void **buf,
+                                          size_t *bufsize);
+
+/**
+ * Close zip archive releases resources.
+ *
+ * @param zip zip archive handler.
+ *
+ * @return
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT void zip_stream_close(struct zip_t *zip);
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new archive and puts files into a single zip archive.
+ *
+ * @param zipname zip archive file.
+ * @param filenames input files.
+ * @param len: number of input files.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_create(const char *zipname, const char *filenames[],
+                                 size_t len);
+
+/**
+ * Extracts a zip archive file into directory.
+ *
+ * If on_extract_entry is not NULL, the callback will be called after
+ * successfully extracted each zip entry.
+ * Returning a negative value from the callback will cause abort and return an
+ * error. The last argument (void *arg) is optional, which you can use to pass
+ * data to the on_extract_entry callback.
+ *
+ * @param zipname zip archive file.
+ * @param dir output directory.
+ * @param on_extract_entry on extract callback.
+ * @param arg opaque pointer.
+ *
+ * @return the return code - 0 on success, negative number (< 0) on error.
+ */
+extern ZIP_EXPORT int zip_extract(const char *zipname, const char *dir,
+                                  int (*on_extract_entry)(const char *filename,
+                                                          void *arg),
+                                  void *arg);
+/** @} */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif

upscaler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#include "esrgan.hpp"
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+#include "model.h"
+#include "stable-diffusion.h"
+
+struct UpscalerGGML {
+    ggml_backend_t backend    = NULL;  // general backend
+    ggml_type model_data_type = GGML_TYPE_F16;
+    ESRGAN esrgan_upscaler;
+    std::string esrgan_path;
+    int n_threads;
+
+    UpscalerGGML(int n_threads)
+        : n_threads(n_threads) {
+    }
+
+    bool load_from_file(const std::string& esrgan_path) {
+#ifdef SD_USE_CUBLAS
+        LOG_DEBUG("Using CUDA backend");
+        backend = ggml_backend_cuda_init(0);
+#endif
+#ifdef SD_USE_METAL
+        LOG_DEBUG("Using Metal backend");
+        ggml_metal_log_set_callback(ggml_log_callback_default, nullptr);
+        backend = ggml_backend_metal_init();
+#endif
+
+        if (!backend) {
+            LOG_DEBUG("Using CPU backend");
+            backend = ggml_backend_cpu_init();
+        }
+        LOG_INFO("Upscaler weight type: %s", ggml_type_name(model_data_type));
+        if (!esrgan_upscaler.load_from_file(esrgan_path, backend)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    sd_image_t upscale(sd_image_t input_image, uint32_t upscale_factor) {
+        // upscale_factor, unused for RealESRGAN_x4plus_anime_6B.pth
+        sd_image_t upscaled_image = {0, 0, 0, NULL};
+        int output_width          = (int)input_image.width * esrgan_upscaler.scale;
+        int output_height         = (int)input_image.height * esrgan_upscaler.scale;
+        LOG_INFO("upscaling from (%i x %i) to (%i x %i)",
+                 input_image.width, input_image.height, output_width, output_height);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params;
+        params.mem_size = output_width * output_height * 3 * sizeof(float) * 2;
+        params.mem_size += 2 * ggml_tensor_overhead();
+        params.mem_buffer = NULL;
+        params.no_alloc   = false;
+
+        // draft context
+        struct ggml_context* upscale_ctx = ggml_init(params);
+        if (!upscale_ctx) {
+            LOG_ERROR("ggml_init() failed");
+            return upscaled_image;
+        }
+        LOG_DEBUG("upscale work buffer size: %.2f MB", params.mem_size / 1024.f / 1024.f);
+        ggml_tensor* input_image_tensor = ggml_new_tensor_4d(upscale_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, input_image.width, input_image.height, 3, 1);
+        sd_image_to_tensor(input_image.data, input_image_tensor);
+
+        ggml_tensor* upscaled = ggml_new_tensor_4d(upscale_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, output_width, output_height, 3, 1);
+        auto on_tiling        = [&](ggml_tensor* in, ggml_tensor* out, bool init) {
+            if (init) {
+                esrgan_upscaler.alloc_compute_buffer(in);
+            } else {
+                esrgan_upscaler.compute(out, n_threads, in);
+            }
+        };
+        int64_t t0 = ggml_time_ms();
+        sd_tiling(input_image_tensor, upscaled, esrgan_upscaler.scale, esrgan_upscaler.tile_size, 0.25f, on_tiling);
+        esrgan_upscaler.free_compute_buffer();
+        ggml_tensor_clamp(upscaled, 0.f, 1.f);
+        uint8_t* upscaled_data = sd_tensor_to_image(upscaled);
+        ggml_free(upscale_ctx);
+        int64_t t3 = ggml_time_ms();
+        LOG_INFO("input_image_tensor upscaled, taking %.2fs", (t3 - t0) / 1000.0f);
+        upscaled_image = {
+            (uint32_t)output_width,
+            (uint32_t)output_height,
+            3,
+            upscaled_data,
+        };
+        return upscaled_image;
+    }
+};
+
+struct upscaler_ctx_t {
+    UpscalerGGML* upscaler = NULL;
+};
+
+upscaler_ctx_t* new_upscaler_ctx(const char* esrgan_path_c_str,
+                                 int n_threads,
+                                 enum sd_type_t wtype) {
+    upscaler_ctx_t* upscaler_ctx = (upscaler_ctx_t*)malloc(sizeof(upscaler_ctx_t));
+    if (upscaler_ctx == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    std::string esrgan_path(esrgan_path_c_str);
+
+    upscaler_ctx->upscaler = new UpscalerGGML(n_threads);
+    if (upscaler_ctx->upscaler == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!upscaler_ctx->upscaler->load_from_file(esrgan_path)) {
+        delete upscaler_ctx->upscaler;
+        upscaler_ctx->upscaler = NULL;
+        free(upscaler_ctx);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return upscaler_ctx;
+}
+
+sd_image_t upscale(upscaler_ctx_t* upscaler_ctx, sd_image_t input_image, uint32_t upscale_factor) {
+    return upscaler_ctx->upscaler->upscale(input_image, upscale_factor);
+}
+
+void free_upscaler_ctx(upscaler_ctx_t* upscaler_ctx) {
+    if (upscaler_ctx->upscaler != NULL) {
+        delete upscaler_ctx->upscaler;
+        upscaler_ctx->upscaler = NULL;
+    }
+    free(upscaler_ctx);
+}

util.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+#include "util.h"
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <codecvt>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <locale>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "ggml/ggml.h"
+#include "stable-diffusion.h"
+
+bool ends_with(const std::string& str, const std::string& ending) {
+    if (str.length() >= ending.length()) {
+        return (str.compare(str.length() - ending.length(), ending.length(), ending) == 0);
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool starts_with(const std::string& str, const std::string& start) {
+    if (str.find(start) == 0) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void replace_all_chars(std::string& str, char target, char replacement) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+        if (str[i] == target) {
+            str[i] = replacement;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+std::string format(const char* fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_list ap2;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    va_copy(ap2, ap);
+    int size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, ap);
+    std::vector<char> buf(size + 1);
+    int size2 = vsnprintf(buf.data(), size + 1, fmt, ap2);
+    va_end(ap2);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return std::string(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32  // code for windows
+#include <windows.h>
+
+bool file_exists(const std::string& filename) {
+    DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesA(filename.c_str());
+    return (attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES && !(attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY));
+}
+
+bool is_directory(const std::string& path) {
+    DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesA(path.c_str());
+    return (attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES && (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY));
+}
+
+#else  // Unix
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+bool file_exists(const std::string& filename) {
+    struct stat buffer;
+    return (stat(filename.c_str(), &buffer) == 0 && S_ISREG(buffer.st_mode));
+}
+
+bool is_directory(const std::string& path) {
+    struct stat buffer;
+    return (stat(path.c_str(), &buffer) == 0 && S_ISDIR(buffer.st_mode));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// get_num_physical_cores is copy from
+// https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/blob/master/examples/common.cpp
+// LICENSE: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/blob/master/LICENSE
+int32_t get_num_physical_cores() {
+#ifdef __linux__
+    // enumerate the set of thread siblings, num entries is num cores
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> siblings;
+    for (uint32_t cpu = 0; cpu < UINT32_MAX; ++cpu) {
+        std::ifstream thread_siblings("/sys/devices/system/cpu" + std::to_string(cpu) + "/topology/thread_siblings");
+        if (!thread_siblings.is_open()) {
+            break;  // no more cpus
+        }
+        std::string line;
+        if (std::getline(thread_siblings, line)) {
+            siblings.insert(line);
+        }
+    }
+    if (siblings.size() > 0) {
+        return static_cast<int32_t>(siblings.size());
+    }
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+    int32_t num_physical_cores;
+    size_t len = sizeof(num_physical_cores);
+    int result = sysctlbyname("hw.perflevel0.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return num_physical_cores;
+    }
+    result = sysctlbyname("hw.physicalcpu", &num_physical_cores, &len, NULL, 0);
+    if (result == 0) {
+        return num_physical_cores;
+    }
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    // TODO: Implement
+#endif
+    unsigned int n_threads = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+    return n_threads > 0 ? (n_threads <= 4 ? n_threads : n_threads / 2) : 4;
+}
+
+std::u32string utf8_to_utf32(const std::string& utf8_str) {
+    std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> converter;
+    return converter.from_bytes(utf8_str);
+}
+
+std::string utf32_to_utf8(const std::u32string& utf32_str) {
+    std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<char32_t>, char32_t> converter;
+    return converter.to_bytes(utf32_str);
+}
+
+std::u32string unicode_value_to_utf32(int unicode_value) {
+    std::u32string utf32_string = {static_cast<char32_t>(unicode_value)};
+    return utf32_string;
+}
+
+std::string sd_basename(const std::string& path) {
+    size_t pos = path.find_last_of('/');
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        return path.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+    pos = path.find_last_of('\\');
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+        return path.substr(pos + 1);
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+std::string path_join(const std::string& p1, const std::string& p2) {
+    if (p1.empty()) {
+        return p2;
+    }
+
+    if (p2.empty()) {
+        return p1;
+    }
+
+    if (p1[p1.length() - 1] == '/' || p1[p1.length() - 1] == '\\') {
+        return p1 + p2;
+    }
+
+    return p1 + "/" + p2;
+}
+
+void pretty_progress(int step, int steps, float time) {
+    std::string progress = "  |";
+    int max_progress     = 50;
+    int32_t current      = (int32_t)(step * 1.f * max_progress / steps);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
+        if (i > current) {
+            progress += " ";
+        } else if (i == current && i != max_progress - 1) {
+            progress += ">";
+        } else {
+            progress += "=";
+        }
+    }
+    progress += "|";
+    printf(time > 1.0f ? "\r%s %i/%i - %.2fs/it" : "\r%s %i/%i - %.2fit/s",
+           progress.c_str(), step, steps,
+           time > 1.0f || time == 0 ? time : (1.0f / time));
+    fflush(stdout);  // for linux
+    if (step == steps) {
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+static sd_log_cb_t sd_log_cb = NULL;
+void* sd_log_cb_data         = NULL;
+
+#define LOG_BUFFER_SIZE 1024
+
+void log_printf(sd_log_level_t level, const char* file, int line, const char* format, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, format);
+
+    const char* level_str = "DEBUG";
+    if (level == SD_LOG_INFO) {
+        level_str = "INFO ";
+    } else if (level == SD_LOG_WARN) {
+        level_str = "WARN ";
+    } else if (level == SD_LOG_ERROR) {
+        level_str = "ERROR";
+    }
+
+    static char log_buffer[LOG_BUFFER_SIZE];
+
+    int written = snprintf(log_buffer, LOG_BUFFER_SIZE, "[%s] %s:%-4d - ", level_str, sd_basename(file).c_str(), line);
+
+    if (written >= 0 && written < LOG_BUFFER_SIZE) {
+        vsnprintf(log_buffer + written, LOG_BUFFER_SIZE - written, format, args);
+        strncat(log_buffer, "\n", LOG_BUFFER_SIZE - strlen(log_buffer) - 1);
+    }
+
+    if (sd_log_cb) {
+        sd_log_cb(level, log_buffer, sd_log_cb_data);
+    }
+
+    va_end(args);
+}
+
+void sd_set_log_callback(sd_log_cb_t cb, void* data) {
+    sd_log_cb      = cb;
+    sd_log_cb_data = data;
+}
+
+const char* sd_get_system_info() {
+    static char buffer[1024];
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "System Info: \n";
+    ss << "    BLAS = " << ggml_cpu_has_blas() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    SSE3 = " << ggml_cpu_has_sse3() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    AVX = " << ggml_cpu_has_avx() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    AVX2 = " << ggml_cpu_has_avx2() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    AVX512 = " << ggml_cpu_has_avx512() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    AVX512_VBMI = " << ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vbmi() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    AVX512_VNNI = " << ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vnni() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    FMA = " << ggml_cpu_has_fma() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    NEON = " << ggml_cpu_has_neon() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    ARM_FMA = " << ggml_cpu_has_arm_fma() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    F16C = " << ggml_cpu_has_f16c() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    FP16_VA = " << ggml_cpu_has_fp16_va() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    WASM_SIMD = " << ggml_cpu_has_wasm_simd() << std::endl;
+    ss << "    VSX = " << ggml_cpu_has_vsx() << std::endl;
+    snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%s", ss.str().c_str());
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+const char* sd_type_name(enum sd_type_t type) {
+    return ggml_type_name((ggml_type)type);
+}

util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef __UTIL_H__
+#define __UTIL_H__
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "stable-diffusion.h"
+
+bool ends_with(const std::string& str, const std::string& ending);
+bool starts_with(const std::string& str, const std::string& start);
+
+std::string format(const char* fmt, ...);
+
+void replace_all_chars(std::string& str, char target, char replacement);
+
+bool file_exists(const std::string& filename);
+bool is_directory(const std::string& path);
+
+std::u32string utf8_to_utf32(const std::string& utf8_str);
+std::string utf32_to_utf8(const std::u32string& utf32_str);
+std::u32string unicode_value_to_utf32(int unicode_value);
+
+std::string sd_basename(const std::string& path);
+
+std::string path_join(const std::string& p1, const std::string& p2);
+
+void pretty_progress(int step, int steps, float time);
+
+void log_printf(sd_log_level_t level, const char* file, int line, const char* format, ...);
+
+#define LOG_DEBUG(format, ...) log_printf(SD_LOG_DEBUG, __FILE__, __LINE__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_INFO(format, ...) log_printf(SD_LOG_INFO, __FILE__, __LINE__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_WARN(format, ...) log_printf(SD_LOG_WARN, __FILE__, __LINE__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define LOG_ERROR(format, ...) log_printf(SD_LOG_ERROR, __FILE__, __LINE__, format, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif  // __UTIL_H__

vae.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+#ifndef __VAE_HPP__
+#define __VAE_HPP__
+
+#include "common.hpp"
+#include "ggml_extend.hpp"
+
+/*================================================== AutoEncoderKL ===================================================*/
+
+#define VAE_GRAPH_SIZE 10240
+
+struct ResnetBlock {
+    // network hparams
+    int in_channels;
+    int out_channels;
+
+    // network params
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm1_w;  // [in_channels, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm1_b;  // [in_channels, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv1_w;  // [out_channels, in_channels, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv1_b;  // [out_channels, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm2_w;  // [out_channels, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm2_b;  // [out_channels, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv2_w;  // [out_channels, out_channels, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv2_b;  // [out_channels, ]
+
+    // nin_shortcut, only if out_channels != in_channels
+    struct ggml_tensor* nin_shortcut_w;  // [out_channels, in_channels, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* nin_shortcut_b;  // [out_channels, ]
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        mem_size += 2 * in_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                      // norm1_w/b
+        mem_size += out_channels * in_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);   // conv1_w
+        mem_size += 4 * out_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                     // conv1_b/norm2_w/norm2_b/conv2_b
+        mem_size += out_channels * out_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv2_w
+
+        if (out_channels != in_channels) {
+            mem_size += out_channels * in_channels * 1 * 1 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // nin_shortcut_w
+            mem_size += out_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                        // nin_shortcut_b
+        }
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_type wtype) {
+        norm1_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+        norm1_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+        conv1_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, in_channels, out_channels);
+        conv1_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+
+        norm2_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+        norm2_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+        conv2_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, out_channels, out_channels);
+        conv2_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+
+        if (out_channels != in_channels) {
+            nin_shortcut_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, in_channels, out_channels);
+            nin_shortcut_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_channels);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "norm1.weight"] = norm1_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "norm1.bias"]   = norm1_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv1.weight"] = conv1_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv1.bias"]   = conv1_b;
+
+        tensors[prefix + "norm2.weight"] = norm2_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "norm2.bias"]   = norm2_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv2.weight"] = conv2_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv2.bias"]   = conv2_b;
+
+        if (out_channels != in_channels) {
+            tensors[prefix + "nin_shortcut.weight"] = nin_shortcut_w;
+            tensors[prefix + "nin_shortcut.bias"]   = nin_shortcut_b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* z) {
+        // z: [N, in_channels, h, w]
+
+        auto h = ggml_nn_group_norm(ctx, z, norm1_w, norm1_b);
+        h      = ggml_silu_inplace(ctx, h);
+        h      = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv1_w, conv1_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, out_channels, h, w]
+        h      = ggml_nn_group_norm(ctx, h, norm2_w, norm2_b);
+        h      = ggml_silu_inplace(ctx, h);
+        // dropout, skip for inference
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv2_w, conv2_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, out_channels, h, w]
+
+        // skip connection
+        if (out_channels != in_channels) {
+            z = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, z, nin_shortcut_w, nin_shortcut_b);  // [N, out_channels, h, w]
+        }
+
+        h = ggml_add(ctx, h, z);
+        return h;  // [N, out_channels, h, w]
+    }
+};
+
+struct AttnBlock {
+    int in_channels;  // mult * model_channels
+
+    // group norm
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm_w;  // [in_channels,]
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm_b;  // [in_channels,]
+
+    // q/k/v
+    struct ggml_tensor* q_w;  // [in_channels, in_channels, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* q_b;  // [in_channels,]
+    struct ggml_tensor* k_w;  // [in_channels, in_channels, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* k_b;  // [in_channels,]
+    struct ggml_tensor* v_w;  // [in_channels, in_channels, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* v_b;  // [in_channels,]
+
+    // proj_out
+    struct ggml_tensor* proj_out_w;  // [in_channels, in_channels, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* proj_out_b;  // [in_channels,]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* attn_scale;
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        mem_size += 6 * in_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                        // norm_w/norm_b/q_b/k_v/v_b/proj_out_b
+        mem_size += 4 * in_channels * in_channels * 1 * 1 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // q_w/k_w/v_w/proj_out_w                                            // object overhead
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_allocr* alloc, ggml_type wtype) {
+        norm_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+        norm_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+
+        q_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, in_channels, in_channels);
+        q_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+        k_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, in_channels, in_channels);
+        k_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+        v_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, in_channels, in_channels);
+        v_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+
+        proj_out_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, in_channels, in_channels);
+        proj_out_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, in_channels);
+
+        attn_scale = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+        ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, attn_scale);
+        float scale = 1.0f / sqrt((float)in_channels);
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(attn_scale, &scale, 0, sizeof(scale));
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "norm.weight"]     = norm_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "norm.bias"]       = norm_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "q.weight"]        = q_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "q.bias"]          = q_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "k.weight"]        = k_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "k.bias"]          = k_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "v.weight"]        = v_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "v.bias"]          = v_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "proj_out.weight"] = proj_out_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "proj_out.bias"]   = proj_out_b;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // x: [N, in_channels, h, w]
+
+        auto h_ = ggml_nn_group_norm(ctx, x, norm_w, norm_b);
+
+        const int64_t n = h_->ne[3];
+        const int64_t c = h_->ne[2];
+        const int64_t h = h_->ne[1];
+        const int64_t w = h_->ne[0];
+
+        auto q = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h_, q_w, q_b);  // [N, in_channels, h, w]
+        auto k = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h_, k_w, k_b);  // [N, in_channels, h, w]
+        auto v = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h_, v_w, v_b);  // [N, in_channels, h, w]
+
+        q = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, q, 1, 2, 0, 3));  // [N, h, w, in_channels]
+        q = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, q, c, h * w, n);              // [N, h * w, in_channels]
+
+        k = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, k, 1, 2, 0, 3));  // [N, h, w, in_channels]
+        k = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, k, c, h * w, n);              // [N, h * w, in_channels]
+
+        auto w_ = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, k, q);  // [N, h * w, h * w]
+        w_      = ggml_scale_inplace(ctx, w_, attn_scale);
+        w_      = ggml_soft_max_inplace(ctx, w_);
+
+        v  = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, v, h * w, c, n);               // [N, in_channels, h * w]
+        h_ = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, v, w_);                           // [N, h * w, in_channels]
+        h_ = ggml_cont(ctx, ggml_permute(ctx, h_, 1, 0, 2, 3));  // [N, in_channels, h * w]
+        h_ = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, h_, w, h, c, n);               // [N, in_channels, h, w]
+
+        // proj_out
+        h_ = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h_, proj_out_w, proj_out_b);  // [N, in_channels, h, w]
+
+        h_ = ggml_add(ctx, h_, x);
+        return h_;
+    }
+};
+
+// ldm.modules.diffusionmodules.model.Encoder
+struct Encoder {
+    int embed_dim      = 4;
+    int ch             = 128;
+    int z_channels     = 4;
+    int in_channels    = 3;
+    int num_res_blocks = 2;
+    int ch_mult[4]     = {1, 2, 4, 4};
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_in_w;  // [ch, in_channels, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_in_b;  // [ch, ]
+
+    ResnetBlock down_blocks[4][2];
+    DownSample down_samples[3];
+
+    struct
+    {
+        ResnetBlock block_1;
+        AttnBlock attn_1;
+        ResnetBlock block_2;
+    } mid;
+
+    // block_in = ch * ch_mult[len_mults - 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm_out_w;  // [block_in, ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm_out_b;  // [block_in, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_out_w;  // [embed_dim*2, block_in, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_out_b;  // [embed_dim*2, ]
+
+    Encoder() {
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+
+        int block_in = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < len_mults; i++) {
+            if (i == 0) {
+                block_in = ch;
+            } else {
+                block_in = ch * ch_mult[i - 1];
+            }
+            int block_out = ch * ch_mult[i];
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks; j++) {
+                down_blocks[i][j].in_channels  = block_in;
+                down_blocks[i][j].out_channels = block_out;
+                block_in                       = block_out;
+            }
+            if (i != len_mults - 1) {
+                down_samples[i].channels       = block_in;
+                down_samples[i].out_channels   = block_in;
+                down_samples[i].vae_downsample = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        mid.block_1.in_channels  = block_in;
+        mid.block_1.out_channels = block_in;
+        mid.attn_1.in_channels   = block_in;
+        mid.block_2.in_channels  = block_in;
+        mid.block_2.out_channels = block_in;
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        int num_tensors = 6;
+
+        // mid
+        num_tensors += 10 * 3;
+
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                num_tensors += 10;
+            }
+
+            if (i != 0) {
+                num_tensors += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        int len_mults   = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        int block_in    = ch * ch_mult[len_mults - 1];
+
+        mem_size += ch * in_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_in_w
+        mem_size += ch * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                        // conv_in_b
+
+        mem_size += 2 * block_in * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);  // norm_out_w/b
+
+        mem_size += z_channels * 2 * block_in * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_out_w
+        mem_size += z_channels * 2 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                     // conv_out_b
+
+        mem_size += mid.block_1.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        mem_size += mid.attn_1.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        mem_size += mid.block_2.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                mem_size += down_blocks[i][j].calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+            }
+            if (i != 0) {
+                mem_size += down_samples[i - 1].calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_allocr* alloc, ggml_type wtype) {
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        int block_in  = ch * ch_mult[len_mults - 1];
+
+        conv_in_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, in_channels, ch);
+        conv_in_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, ch);
+
+        norm_out_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, block_in);
+        norm_out_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, block_in);
+
+        conv_out_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, block_in, z_channels * 2);
+        conv_out_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, z_channels * 2);
+
+        mid.block_1.init_params(ctx, wtype);
+        mid.attn_1.init_params(ctx, alloc, wtype);
+        mid.block_2.init_params(ctx, wtype);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < len_mults; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks; j++) {
+                down_blocks[i][j].init_params(ctx, wtype);
+            }
+            if (i != len_mults - 1) {
+                down_samples[i].init_params(ctx, wtype);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "norm_out.weight"] = norm_out_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "norm_out.bias"]   = norm_out_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_in.weight"]  = conv_in_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_in.bias"]    = conv_in_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_out.weight"] = conv_out_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_out.bias"]   = conv_out_b;
+
+        mid.block_1.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "mid.block_1.");
+        mid.attn_1.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "mid.attn_1.");
+        mid.block_2.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "mid.block_2.");
+
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = 0; i < len_mults; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks; j++) {
+                down_blocks[i][j].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "down." + std::to_string(i) + ".block." + std::to_string(j) + ".");
+            }
+            if (i != len_mults - 1) {
+                down_samples[i].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "down." + std::to_string(i) + ".downsample.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // x: [N, in_channels, h, w]
+
+        // conv_in
+        auto h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, x, conv_in_w, conv_in_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, ch, h, w]
+        ggml_set_name(h, "b-start");
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = 0; i < len_mults; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks; j++) {
+                h = down_blocks[i][j].forward(ctx, h);
+            }
+            if (i != len_mults - 1) {
+                h = down_samples[i].forward(ctx, h);
+            }
+        }
+
+        h = mid.block_1.forward(ctx, h);
+        h = mid.attn_1.forward(ctx, h);
+        h = mid.block_2.forward(ctx, h);  // [N, block_in, h, w]
+
+        h = ggml_nn_group_norm(ctx, h, norm_out_w, norm_out_b);
+        h = ggml_silu_inplace(ctx, h);
+
+        // conv_out
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_out_w, conv_out_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, z_channels*2, h, w]
+
+        return h;
+    }
+};
+
+// ldm.modules.diffusionmodules.model.Decoder
+struct Decoder {
+    int embed_dim      = 4;
+    int ch             = 128;
+    int z_channels     = 4;
+    int out_ch         = 3;
+    int num_res_blocks = 2;
+    int ch_mult[4]     = {1, 2, 4, 4};
+
+    // block_in = ch *  ch_mult[-1], 512
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_in_w;  // [block_in, z_channels, 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_in_b;  // [block_in, ]
+
+    struct
+    {
+        ResnetBlock block_1;
+        AttnBlock attn_1;
+        ResnetBlock block_2;
+    } mid;
+
+    ResnetBlock up_blocks[4][3];
+    UpSample up_samples[3];
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm_out_w;  // [ch *  ch_mult[0], ]
+    struct ggml_tensor* norm_out_b;  // [ch *  ch_mult[0], ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_out_w;  // [out_ch, ch *  ch_mult[0], 3, 3]
+    struct ggml_tensor* conv_out_b;  // [out_ch, ]
+
+    Decoder() {
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        int block_in  = ch * ch_mult[len_mults - 1];
+
+        mid.block_1.in_channels  = block_in;
+        mid.block_1.out_channels = block_in;
+        mid.attn_1.in_channels   = block_in;
+        mid.block_2.in_channels  = block_in;
+        mid.block_2.out_channels = block_in;
+
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            int mult      = ch_mult[i];
+            int block_out = ch * mult;
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                up_blocks[i][j].in_channels  = block_in;
+                up_blocks[i][j].out_channels = block_out;
+                block_in                     = block_out;
+            }
+            if (i != 0) {
+                up_samples[i - 1].channels     = block_in;
+                up_samples[i - 1].out_channels = block_in;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size(ggml_type wtype) {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+        int len_mults   = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        int block_in    = ch * ch_mult[len_mults - 1];
+
+        mem_size += block_in * z_channels * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_in_w
+        mem_size += block_in * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                       // conv_in_b
+
+        mem_size += 2 * (ch * ch_mult[0]) * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);  // norm_out_w/b
+
+        mem_size += (ch * ch_mult[0]) * out_ch * 3 * 3 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // conv_out_w
+        mem_size += out_ch * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                              // conv_out_b
+
+        mem_size += mid.block_1.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        mem_size += mid.attn_1.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        mem_size += mid.block_2.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                mem_size += up_blocks[i][j].calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+            }
+            if (i != 0) {
+                mem_size += up_samples[i - 1].calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        int num_tensors = 8;
+
+        // mid
+        num_tensors += 10 * 3;
+
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                num_tensors += 10;
+            }
+
+            if (i != 0) {
+                num_tensors += 2;
+            }
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params(struct ggml_context* ctx, ggml_allocr* alloc, ggml_type wtype) {
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        int block_in  = ch * ch_mult[len_mults - 1];
+
+        norm_out_w = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, ch * ch_mult[0]);
+        norm_out_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, ch * ch_mult[0]);
+
+        conv_in_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, z_channels, block_in);
+        conv_in_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, block_in);
+
+        conv_out_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 3, 3, ch * ch_mult[0], out_ch);
+        conv_out_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, out_ch);
+
+        mid.block_1.init_params(ctx, wtype);
+        mid.attn_1.init_params(ctx, alloc, wtype);
+        mid.block_2.init_params(ctx, wtype);
+
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                up_blocks[i][j].init_params(ctx, wtype);
+            }
+
+            if (i != 0) {
+                up_samples[i - 1].init_params(ctx, wtype);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "norm_out.weight"] = norm_out_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "norm_out.bias"]   = norm_out_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_in.weight"]  = conv_in_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_in.bias"]    = conv_in_b;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_out.weight"] = conv_out_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "conv_out.bias"]   = conv_out_b;
+
+        mid.block_1.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "mid.block_1.");
+        mid.attn_1.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "mid.attn_1.");
+        mid.block_2.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "mid.block_2.");
+
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                up_blocks[i][j].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "up." + std::to_string(i) + ".block." + std::to_string(j) + ".");
+            }
+            if (i != 0) {
+                up_samples[i - 1].map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "up." + std::to_string(i) + ".upsample.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* forward(struct ggml_context* ctx, struct ggml_tensor* z) {
+        // z: [N, z_channels, h, w]
+        // conv_in
+        auto h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, z, conv_in_w, conv_in_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, block_in, h, w]
+
+        h = mid.block_1.forward(ctx, h);
+        h = mid.attn_1.forward(ctx, h);
+        h = mid.block_2.forward(ctx, h);  // [N, block_in, h, w]
+
+        int len_mults = sizeof(ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = len_mults - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < num_res_blocks + 1; j++) {
+                h = up_blocks[i][j].forward(ctx, h);
+            }
+            if (i != 0) {
+                h = up_samples[i - 1].forward(ctx, h);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // group norm 32
+        h = ggml_nn_group_norm(ctx, h, norm_out_w, norm_out_b);
+        h = ggml_silu_inplace(ctx, h);
+
+        // conv_out
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx, h, conv_out_w, conv_out_b, 1, 1, 1, 1);  // [N, out_ch, h, w]
+        return h;
+    }
+};
+
+// ldm.models.autoencoder.AutoencoderKL
+struct AutoEncoderKL : public GGMLModule {
+    bool decode_only = true;
+    int embed_dim    = 4;
+    struct {
+        int z_channels     = 4;
+        int resolution     = 256;
+        int in_channels    = 3;
+        int out_ch         = 3;
+        int ch             = 128;
+        int ch_mult[4]     = {1, 2, 4, 4};
+        int num_res_blocks = 2;
+    } dd_config;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* quant_conv_w;  // [2*embed_dim, 2*z_channels, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* quant_conv_b;  // [2*embed_dim, ]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* post_quant_conv_w;  // [z_channels, embed_dim, 1, 1]
+    struct ggml_tensor* post_quant_conv_b;  // [z_channels, ]
+
+    Encoder encoder;
+    Decoder decoder;
+
+    AutoEncoderKL(bool decode_only = false)
+        : decode_only(decode_only) {
+        name = "vae";
+        assert(sizeof(dd_config.ch_mult) == sizeof(encoder.ch_mult));
+        assert(sizeof(dd_config.ch_mult) == sizeof(decoder.ch_mult));
+
+        encoder.embed_dim      = embed_dim;
+        decoder.embed_dim      = embed_dim;
+        encoder.ch             = dd_config.ch;
+        decoder.ch             = dd_config.ch;
+        encoder.z_channels     = dd_config.z_channels;
+        decoder.z_channels     = dd_config.z_channels;
+        encoder.in_channels    = dd_config.in_channels;
+        decoder.out_ch         = dd_config.out_ch;
+        encoder.num_res_blocks = dd_config.num_res_blocks;
+
+        int len_mults = sizeof(dd_config.ch_mult) / sizeof(int);
+        for (int i = 0; i < len_mults; i++) {
+            encoder.ch_mult[i] = dd_config.ch_mult[i];
+            decoder.ch_mult[i] = dd_config.ch_mult[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t calculate_mem_size() {
+        double mem_size = 0;
+
+        if (!decode_only) {
+            mem_size += 2 * embed_dim * 2 * dd_config.z_channels * 1 * 1 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // quant_conv_w
+            mem_size += 2 * embed_dim * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                                     // quant_conv_b
+            mem_size += encoder.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        }
+
+        mem_size += dd_config.z_channels * embed_dim * 1 * 1 * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F16);  // post_quant_conv_w
+        mem_size += dd_config.z_channels * ggml_type_sizef(GGML_TYPE_F32);                      // post_quant_conv_b
+
+        mem_size += decoder.calculate_mem_size(wtype);
+        return static_cast<size_t>(mem_size);
+    }
+
+    size_t get_num_tensors() {
+        size_t num_tensors = decoder.get_num_tensors();
+        if (!decode_only) {
+            num_tensors += 2;
+            num_tensors += encoder.get_num_tensors();
+        }
+        return num_tensors;
+    }
+
+    void init_params() {
+        ggml_allocr* alloc = ggml_allocr_new_from_buffer(params_buffer);
+
+        if (!decode_only) {
+            quant_conv_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, 2 * dd_config.z_channels, 2 * embed_dim);
+            quant_conv_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 2 * embed_dim);
+            encoder.init_params(params_ctx, alloc, wtype);
+        }
+
+        post_quant_conv_w = ggml_new_tensor_4d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F16, 1, 1, embed_dim, dd_config.z_channels);
+        post_quant_conv_b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(params_ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, dd_config.z_channels);
+        decoder.init_params(params_ctx, alloc, wtype);
+
+        // alloc all tensors linked to this context
+        for (struct ggml_tensor* t = ggml_get_first_tensor(params_ctx); t != NULL; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(params_ctx, t)) {
+            if (t->data == NULL) {
+                ggml_allocr_alloc(alloc, t);
+            }
+        }
+        ggml_allocr_free(alloc);
+    }
+
+    void map_by_name(std::map<std::string, struct ggml_tensor*>& tensors, const std::string prefix) {
+        tensors[prefix + "quant_conv.weight"] = quant_conv_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "quant_conv.bias"]   = quant_conv_b;
+        encoder.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "encoder.");
+
+        tensors[prefix + "post_quant_conv.weight"] = post_quant_conv_w;
+        tensors[prefix + "post_quant_conv.bias"]   = post_quant_conv_b;
+        decoder.map_by_name(tensors, prefix + "decoder.");
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* decode(struct ggml_context* ctx0, struct ggml_tensor* z) {
+        // z: [N, z_channels, h, w]
+        // post_quant_conv
+        auto h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, z, post_quant_conv_w, post_quant_conv_b);  // [N, z_channels, h, w]
+        ggml_set_name(h, "bench-start");
+        h = decoder.forward(ctx0, h);
+        ggml_set_name(h, "bench-end");
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_tensor* encode(struct ggml_context* ctx0, struct ggml_tensor* x) {
+        // x: [N, in_channels, h, w]
+        auto h = encoder.forward(ctx0, x);  // [N, 2*z_channels, h/8, w/8]
+        // quant_conv
+        h = ggml_nn_conv_2d(ctx0, h, quant_conv_w, quant_conv_b);  // [N, 2*embed_dim, h/8, w/8]
+        ggml_set_name(h, "b-end");
+        return h;
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph* build_graph(struct ggml_tensor* z, bool decode_graph) {
+        // since we are using ggml-alloc, this buffer only needs enough space to hold the ggml_tensor and ggml_cgraph structs, but not the tensor data
+        static size_t buf_size = ggml_tensor_overhead() * VAE_GRAPH_SIZE + ggml_graph_overhead();
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> buf(buf_size);
+
+        struct ggml_init_params params = {
+            /*.mem_size   =*/buf_size,
+            /*.mem_buffer =*/buf.data(),
+            /*.no_alloc   =*/true,  // the tensors will be allocated later by ggml_allocr_alloc_graph()
+        };
+        // LOG_DEBUG("mem_size %u ", params.mem_size);
+
+        struct ggml_context* ctx0 = ggml_init(params);
+
+        struct ggml_cgraph* gf = ggml_new_graph(ctx0);
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* z_ = NULL;
+
+        // it's performing a compute, check if backend isn't cpu
+        if (!ggml_backend_is_cpu(backend)) {
+            // pass input tensors to gpu memory
+            z_ = ggml_dup_tensor(ctx0, z);
+            ggml_allocr_alloc(compute_allocr, z_);
+
+            // pass data to device backend
+            if (!ggml_allocr_is_measure(compute_allocr)) {
+                ggml_backend_tensor_set(z_, z->data, 0, ggml_nbytes(z));
+            }
+        } else {
+            z_ = z;
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor* out = decode_graph ? decode(ctx0, z_) : encode(ctx0, z_);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, out);
+        ggml_free(ctx0);
+
+        return gf;
+    }
+
+    void alloc_compute_buffer(struct ggml_tensor* x, bool decode) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(x, decode);
+        };
+        GGMLModule::alloc_compute_buffer(get_graph);
+    }
+
+    void compute(struct ggml_tensor* work_result, const int n_threads, struct ggml_tensor* z, bool decode_graph) {
+        auto get_graph = [&]() -> struct ggml_cgraph* {
+            return build_graph(z, decode_graph);
+        };
+
+        GGMLModule::compute(get_graph, n_threads, work_result);
+    }
+};
+
+#endif